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  土壤学报  2024, Vol. 61 Issue (2): 506-514  DOI: 10.11766/trxb202207120379
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引用本文  

吴梦娜, 王少杰, 兰唱, 等. 不同秸秆还田方式下黑土玉米田肥料氮素去向. 土壤学报, 2024, 61(2): 506-514.
WU Mengna, WANG Shaojie, LAN Chang, et al. The Fate of Fertilizer Nitrogen under Different Straw Returning Methods in Maize Field of Black Soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2024, 61(2): 506-514.

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(U19A2035,41907081)和吉林省自然科学基金项目(20200201017JC)资助

通讯作者Corresponding author

王少杰, E-mail:shaojiewang72@163.com

作者简介

吴梦娜(1997—),女,天津人,硕士研究生,主要从事农田生态系统碳氮循环研究。E-mail:2966523651@qq.com
不同秸秆还田方式下黑土玉米田肥料氮素去向
吴梦娜, 王少杰, 兰唱, 闫旭, 冯国忠, 高强    
吉林农业大学资源与环境学院/秸秆综合利用与黑土地保护教育部重点实验室, 长春 130118
摘要:探究不同秸秆还田方式下肥料氮在连续两季作物系统中的去向,为黑土地保护下的氮肥管理提供重要依据。于2020—2021年在吉林梨树开展大田微区试验,设置无秸秆还田(CK)、深翻还田(DTS)、免耕覆盖还田(NTS)3种秸秆还田方式,每种方式下设置2个施氮水平:180 kg·hm–2(N1)和270 kg·hm–2(N2)。结果表明:当季和第二季玉米成熟期植株氮分别有38.0%~46.8%和12.9%~18.6%来源于15N标记氮肥。肥料氮当季平均利用、残留和损失率分别为32.4%~43.9%、32.8%~51.4%和13.2%~32.7%,秸秆覆盖配施适量氮肥(180 kg·hm–2)处理下肥料氮当季利用率显著提高29.5%,而秸秆深翻还田则使肥料氮在土壤中的残留率显著增加18.2%。当季施用肥料氮仍有8.5%~14.9%被第二季玉米吸收利用,两季累积利用率达40.9%~58.8%,在高氮(270 kg·hm–2)下秸秆深翻还田显著提高肥料氮的第二季利用率及累积利用效率。综上,秸秆覆盖还田配施适量氮肥有利于提高肥料利用效率,而秸秆深翻还田更有利于高施氮量下土壤对肥料氮的保持,增加其被下季作物利用的机会,两者均能显著减少氮的损失。
关键词15N示踪    秸秆还田    施氮量    肥料氮去向    残留效应    
The Fate of Fertilizer Nitrogen under Different Straw Returning Methods in Maize Field of Black Soil
WU Mengna, WANG Shaojie, LAN Chang, YAN Xu, FENG Guozhong, GAO Qiang    
College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
Abstract: 【Objective】Investigating the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in a two-season crop system under different straw returning methods can provide an important basis for nitrogen management under black soil protection.【Method】This study conducted a 15N micro-plot experiment in 2020-2021 at Lishu County of Jilin Province using the 15N tracer technique. Three straw-returning methods were set up: no straw returning(CK), straw deep tillage returning(DTS) and straw mulching with no tillage(NTS). Under each method, two nitrogen levels were set: 180 kg·hm–2(N1)and 270 kg·hm–2(N2).【Result】At maturity stage, 38.0%-46.8% and 12.9%-18.6% of plant nitrogen in the current season and the second season were derived from 15N labeled nitrogen fertilizer, respectively, and fertilizer nitrogen was mainly distributed in grains (59.8%-68.5% in the current season and 59.3%-79.6% in the second season). The utilization, residual and loss rates of fertilizer nitrogen in the current season were 32.4%-43.9%, 32.8%-51.4% and 13.2%-32.7%, respectively. The NTS combined with an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer (180 kg·hm–2) significantly increased the utilization rate of fertilizer nitrogen by 29.5%, while DTS significantly increased the residual rate of fertilizer nitrogen in soil by 18.2%. Also, the utilization and loss rates of fertilizer nitrogen in the second season were 8.5%-14.9% and 5.1%-14.6%, respectively. The cumulative utilization, residual and loss rates were 40.9%-58.8%, 10.4%-26.4% and 18.4%-47.3%, respectively. Compared with CK, NTS treatment significantly increased fertilizer nitrogen utilization efficiency by 18.3% (N1) and 45.9% (N2) in the second season, while the DTS treatment significantly increased fertilizer nitrogen utilization efficiency in the second season by 42.3% under N2. For the total fate of fertilizer nitrogen in two crops, compared with CK, NTS treatment significantly increased the cumulative utilization efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen by 26.4% (N1) and 21.8% (N2), while DTS treatment significantly increased the total residual rate of fertilizer nitrogen by 64.0% (N1) and 72.9% (N2). In addition, the NTS and DTS treatments significantly reduced the total losses of fertilizer nitrogen. Compared with N2, the N1 treatment significantly increased the utilization and residual rates of fertilizer nitrogen and reduced the loss rate of fertilizer nitrogen in two seasons.【Conclusion】Straw mulching combined with an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to improve fertilizer use efficiency while straw deep plowing is more conducive for the maintenance of fertilizer nitrogen in the soil, especially under high nitrogen application rate, and increases the use efficiency by next crop. Both straw mulching and straw deep plowing could significantly reduce nitrogen loss.
Key words: 15N Tracer    Straw returning    Nitrogen application rate    Fate of fertilizer nitrogen    Residual effects    

东北黑土地是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,2020年东北三省玉米播种面积和总产量分别占全国的30.2%和32.3%[1]。秸秆作为玉米生产的主要副产品,通过不同方式还田可改善土壤物理结构,影响土壤水、肥、气、热状况,对提高作物产量及减少肥料用量具有积极作用[2],是黑土地保护的一项重要措施。我国氮肥施用量约占全球的30%,而目前氮肥利用率仅为30%~35%,远低于欧美等国(普遍高于40%)[3]。农田中盈余氮肥通过径流、氨挥发和反硝化等方式流失,不仅造成资源浪费,还导致一系列环境污染问题,严重制约农业绿色发展。明确肥料氮在农田系统中的去向并合理施肥,既能提高氮肥利用效率,降低氮素的损失,又可维持土壤肥力[4]。氮素在土壤中的转化受土壤质地、结构、水热状况以及农田管理措施等多种因素影响。大量研究表明,秸秆还田能够增加土壤表层全氮,并为作物提供更多的有效氮,进而提高了土壤肥力和作物产量[5]。而秸秆还田配合适量的氮肥施用不仅可降低土壤碳氮比,还可改善土壤性状、培肥土壤[6],是一种有效的农田管理措施。研究[7]表明,在减量施氮的情况下配合秸秆还田能够保证作物稳产,并显著提高氮肥利用效率,减少氮损失。而梁斌等[8]研究表明,秸秆还田导致大部分肥料氮素被土壤固持,从而降低了氮肥的当季利用效率和作物产量,可见秸秆还田的效果与还田年限密切相关。

关于肥料氮在土壤-作物系统中的去向国内外已有大量报道,例如,Quan等[9]对我国北方23个15N示踪试验总结发现,玉米生产体系中肥料氮的当季平均利用、残留和损失率分别为34%、35%和31%,并且指出与华北地区相比,东北地区具有较高的氮肥利用率和较低的损失率。其原因可能是东北地区土壤有机质较高,土壤保肥能力较强,有利于氮素在土壤中的持留,进而减少了氮的损失[10]。乔云发等[11]在东北风沙土上的研究表明,肥料氮的当季平均利用、残留和损失率分别为31%、42%和27%,并且与传统耕作相比,秸秆覆盖还田下肥料氮素利用率显著提高15.8%,损失率减少24.3%。刘沥阳[12]在东北棕壤上的研究表明,肥料氮在玉米季的利用率、0~40 cm残留率和损失率分别为33.4%~51.1%、41.8%~59.1%和4.2%~13.0%,其氮肥利用率、残留率显著高于风沙土[11]。可见,土壤类型是影响氮素去向的重要因素之一。土壤中残留的肥料氮仍可被后季作物继续利用,研究表明,肥料氮在黄土高原覆膜玉米上的多年累积利用效率达47.6%~60.8%[13],在黑土玉米上的3年累积利用率可达61.1%[14]。Smith和Chalk[15]总结了前人研究,表明第二季作物对残留肥料氮的利用率不足10%,随后不断降低。

目前,东北玉米秸秆直接还田主要以免耕覆盖和深翻还田为主,免耕覆盖还田可有效防止土壤侵蚀,减少地表水分蒸发和径流,提高土壤蓄水能力[16]。秸秆深翻还田可降低土壤容重,增加孔隙度,翻入土壤深层的秸秆腐解后可提供大量养分,增加土壤有机质和土壤肥力[17]。不同还田方式对土壤水肥气热的影响不同,进而导致土壤氮素行为的差异,那么在黑土玉米田不同秸秆还田方式下肥料氮素的去向如何?其残留效应对秸秆还田方式有何响应?目前尚鲜有报道。因此,本研究通过大田试验与微区试验相结合,采用15N示踪方法,研究不同秸秆还田方式下连续两季作物对肥料氮的吸收利用、肥料氮在土壤中的残留及损失情况,以期为秸秆还田下的氮肥管理提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验区概况

试验于2020—2021年在吉林省梨树县中国农业大学吉林梨树实验站(43°16′N,124°26′E)进行,研究区域属温带半湿润大陆性季风气候,年平均降水量为614 mm,年平均温度6.8℃。供试土壤为薄层黑土,试验田耕层土壤基本理化性状为:pH 6.1、有机质18.9 g·kg–1、全氮1.27 g·kg–1、碱解氮84.0 mg·kg–1、有效磷23.9 mg·kg–1、速效钾183.0 mg·kg–1

1.2 试验设计

试验设置两种不同秸秆还田方式,即秸秆深翻还田(DTS)和免耕覆盖还田(NTS)以及无秸秆还田对照处理(CK);每种还田方式下设置两个施氮水平,即施氮量180 kg·hm–2(N1)和270 kg·hm–2(N2)。每个处理重复3次,共18个小区,小区面积144 m2(7.2 m×20 m)。氮肥为尿素(含N 46%),采用基追比1︰2的方式施入,磷肥为过磷酸钙(P2O516%),钾肥为氯化钾(K2O60%),施用量均为90 kg·hm–2,作为基肥在播前一次性施入。种植的玉米品种为良玉99,种植密度为每公顷65 000株。试验地区为雨养农业,无灌溉。玉米于每年5月中旬播种,10月初收获。

为监测肥料氮素去向,在每个小区内设置微区,开展15N示踪试验,微区由镀锌铁皮制成,面积为0.6 m2(1 m×0.6 m),埋入深度为0.45 m,每个微区种植4株玉米。微区内施用丰度10.11%的15N标记尿素,施用方式、用量与大区相同,第二季作物施用等量的未标记氮肥。

1.3 测定项目及方法

玉米成熟后在每个微区内紧贴地面采集4株15N标记植株,将其分离为茎秆、叶片、籽粒、苞叶、穗轴五部分。将各部分植株样品置于105℃烘箱内杀青30 min,然后置于70℃的烘箱中烘干至恒重,测定其质量。每一部分取适量样品用行星球磨机(XGB04型,格瑞德曼,长春市海涵仪器有限公司)磨碎,过0.15 mm筛,用于测定样品中全氮含量与15N丰度。在每个微区选取3个点,用直径为4 cm土钻采集0-100 cm土壤样品,每20 cm一层,并将3个点的土壤样品混合为1个样品。取样后,将取样孔用性质相同的土壤填充、压实,以保证填充后的土壤容重接近原土壤,此过程注意防止上层15N对下层土壤的污染,最后用标杆对取样位置进行标记。土壤样品风干后,研磨过0.15 mm筛,用于测定全氮和15N丰度。植物和土壤中的全氮含量和15N丰度分别采用凯氏定氮仪(KDY-9820型,KETUO,北京市通润源机电技术有限责任公司)和同位素质谱仪(MAT-253,Thermo Fisher,美国)测定。

1.4 计算方法与数据分析

植株吸氮量/(kg·hm–2)=植株干物质重/(kg·hm–2)×植株中氮浓度/(g·kg–1)/1000

植株或土壤中氮素来源于肥料氮的比例Ndff:

Ndff/%=(测试样品中15N丰度–15N自然丰度)/(肥料中15N丰度–15N自然丰度)×100

植株氮素来自土壤氮的比例Ndfs/%=1–Ndffp

式中,Ndffp为植株中氮素来源于肥料氮的比例。

土壤各层来自15N肥料氮的量/(kg·hm–2)=土层厚度/cm×土壤容重/(g·cm–3)×氮浓度/(g·kg–1)×Ndffs×100

式中,Ndffs为土壤中氮素来源于肥料氮的比例。

肥料氮利用率/%=作物肥料氮吸收量/(kg·hm–2)/肥料氮施用量/(kg·hm–2)× 100

肥料氮残留率/%=土壤中肥料氮残留量/(kg·hm–2)/肥料氮施用量/(kg·hm–2)× 100

氮素总损失率/% =1–肥料氮利用率/% –肥料氮残留率/%

数据处理采用DPS软件双因素方差分析(ANOVA),处理间差异采用最小显著极差法(LSD)进行比较,P < 0.05。文中用Origin2021软件进行绘图。

2 结果与讨论 2.1 植株氮来源及肥料氮在植株各器官的分布

2020—2021年各处理玉米籽粒产量分别为10 395~12 527 kg·hm–2和10 808~12 519 kg·hm–2表 1)。2020年NTS较DTS产量显著提高15.2%,而2021年各处理间无显著差异。成熟期玉米地上部总吸氮量为160.1~228.7 kg·hm–2(2020)和163.5~222.6 kg·hm–2(2021),与CK相比,NTS处理玉米成熟期的吸氮量显著提高22.4%(2020)和28.8%(2021)。这可能是因为免耕覆盖减少了土壤扰动,抑制水分蒸发,提高土壤蓄水保水能力[18],有利于玉米对氮素的吸收。与N1相比,N2处理显著提高成熟期吸氮量,这与冯国忠等[19]研究一致,在一定范围内植株吸氮量随着施氮量的增加而显著增加。

表 1 不同秸秆还田方式和施氮量下植株氮来源于15N标记尿素(Ndffp)和土壤(Ndfs)比例 Table 1 Ratio of nitrogen source from 15N labeled urea(Ndffp)and soil(Ndfs)under different straw returning methods and nitrogen application rate

成熟期植株中氮有38.0%~46.8%来源于当季15N标记肥料,有53.2%~62.0%来源于土壤,说明土壤仍然是作物吸收氮素的主要来源。在N1水平下,与CK相比,NTS显著提高了当季植株氮来源于肥料氮的比例,而在N2水平下,结果则相反。说明秸秆覆盖配合适量的氮肥有助于植株对肥料氮的吸收[20],而过量施氮则削弱了秸秆覆盖的效应[21]。在第二季玉米收获后(2021),与CK和NTS相比,DTS显著提高了N2水平下的植株氮来源于残留肥料氮的比例。这说明秸秆深翻还田有利于土壤对盈余氮素的保持[22],进而增加其被后季作物吸收利用的机会。

就不同氮肥用量而言,与N1相比,N2处理显著增加当季植株氮来源于肥料氮的比例,并且显著提高了第二季秸秆覆盖和深翻还田处理下植株氮来源于残留肥料氮的比例。

图 1所示,15N标记氮肥在植株各器官中的分布比例由高到低依次为:籽粒、叶片、茎秆、穗轴、苞叶,其中,籽粒吸收肥料氮量占地上部肥料氮吸收总量的59.8%~68.5%(2020年)和59.3%~79.6%(2021年)。

注:N1:施氮量180 kg·hm–2,N2:施氮量270 kg·hm–2,CK:无秸秆还田,DTS:深翻还田,NTS:免耕覆盖还田。下同。  Note: N1:Nitrogen application rate 180 kg·hm–2, N2:Nitrogen application rate 270 kg·hm–2, CK: No straw returning, DTS: Straw returning with deep plowing, NTS: Straw mulching with no-tillage. The same below. 图 1 不同秸秆还田方式下当季施入的15N标记氮肥在两季作物植株各器官的分布 Fig. 1 Distribution of 15N labeled nitrogen fertilizer applied in different straw returning methods in different organs of crop plants in two seasons
2.2 残留肥料氮在0~100 cm土壤剖面中的分布

当季玉米收获后0~100 cm土层15N总残留量为75.4~107.3 kg·hm–2,占15N总施入量的32.8%~51.4%,且主要分布于0~40 cm土层(占总残留量的76.2%~87.5%);第二季玉米收获后,仍有28.0~55.2 kg·hm–2肥料氮残留在0~100 cm土层,占15N总施入量的10.4%~26.4%,且残留肥料氮主要分布于0~20 cm土层(图 2)。

注:同一土层不同小写字母表示在相同施氮量下不同秸秆还田方式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。  Note: The different lowercase letters on the same soil layer indicated that there were significant differences between different straw-returning methods under the same nitrogen application rate(P < 0.05). 图 2 两季玉米收获后土壤中残留15N肥料在0~100 cm土层的分布 Fig. 2 Distribution of residual 15N fertilizer in 0-100 cm soil layer after maize harvest

与CK、NTS相比,DTS处理显著提高了0~100 cm土层肥料氮残留量,增幅分别达17.9%、20.7%(当季)和69.0%、48.7%(第二季)。这可能是由于秸秆深翻增加了土壤微生物和酶的活性,进而促进了土壤对氮素的生物固持作用[23]

就不同施氮量而言,N1和N2处理下肥料氮当季在0~100 cm土层的平均残留率分别为45.4%和35.8%,第二季分别为21.8%和14.2%。与N1相比,N2处理显著降低了肥料氮在0~100 cm土层的残留率,但由于N2处理较高的施氮量,其总残留量显著提高。这与刘新宇等[24]研究一致,肥料氮在土壤中的残留量随施氮量的增加而显著增加。有研究[25]表明,土壤氮素的残留虽然可有效补充土壤氮库,但同时也增加了氮素损失的风险[26]

2.3 不同秸秆还田方式和施氮量下肥料氮在两季作物系统中的去向

作物吸收、土壤残留和损失是氮肥进入土壤-作物系统后的三个基本去向。本研究中不同秸秆还田方式和施氮量下的肥料氮当季利用率、土壤残留率和损失率分别为32.4%~43.9%、32.8%~51.4%和13.2%~32.7%(表 2)。与CK处理相比,在N1水平下,NTS处理显著提高肥料氮当季利用率29.5%,其损失率显著降低45.0%,这与张恒恒[27]研究一致,主要是由于秸秆覆盖还田可减少土壤水分蒸发,改善土壤微生物活性,增强微生物固氮作用,减少氮素的直接损失,更好地协调作物需氮与土壤供氮,从而提高了肥料氮的利用率[28];而在N2下,CK和NTS两处理在氮肥利用率上则无显著差异,这可能是由于在较高的施氮量下,土壤氮素盈余增加,导致氮素损失加剧[29],从而削弱了秸秆覆盖还田的效应。DTS处理与CK相比,肥料氮土壤残留率显著提高了18.6%(N1、N2平均值),并使其损失率显著降低38.1%,而对氮肥利用率无显著影响。而Chen等[23]研究表明秸秆深翻还田显著提高肥料利用率,与本研究结果不一致,可能是由于在本研究中第一年采用秸秆深翻还田措施,导致大部分肥料氮素被土壤固持,进而影响了当季的利用效率[8]

表 2 不同秸秆还田方式和施氮量下15N标记氮肥在两季作物中的去向 Table 2 Fate of 15N-labeled nitrogen fertilizer applied in the current season under different straw returning methods and nitrogen application rates in the two-season crop system

当季残留在土壤中的肥料氮可在不同程度上被后季作物继续利用,是扩充土壤氮库、提高土壤供氮能力的重要来源,其有效性受作物、施肥、土壤肥力和气候等多种因素的影响,因此,需足够重视所施用肥料的残留效应在氮素养分资源管理中的重要作用。本研究中,当季残留肥料氮有24.3%~37.8%被第二季玉米吸收利用,有31.6%~53.3%继续残留在0~100 cm土层,又有11.8%~41.9%损失至环境中。王少杰[13]在黄土高原覆膜玉米上的研究表明,第二季作物对残留肥料氮的利用率平均为24.1%~32.3%,与本研究结果相当。后季作物对肥料氮的利用率较低可能是因为大部分残留氮被微生物等固持于有机氮中,不易被作物吸收[30]。与CK处理相比,在N2水平下,DTS处理下残留肥料氮利用率显著提高25.1%,而在N1水平下两处理间则无显著差异。对于黏质土壤,秸秆深翻还田后微生物的分解过程显著改善了土壤深层的肥力属性[31],其产生的后效能够促进作物生长,提高作物对氮肥的利用率[32]。NTS处理与CK相比,残留肥料氮利用率显著提高了33.5%,其损失率显著降低42.4%(N1、N2平均值)。这与Gao等[33]研究一致,其原因可能是秸秆覆盖增加了土壤微生物种群数量和微生物生物量碳或微生物生物量氮,从而促进作物对氮素吸收[32]。与CK处理相比,在N1水平下,NTS处理使残留肥料氮在第二季中的土壤残留率显著提高38.8%。Lu等[14]表明秸秆覆盖还田将残留肥料中的氮转化为土壤中的有机氮,显著增加了残留氮素在土壤中的持留。

当季标记15N肥料在两季作物中累积利用率、残留率和损失率为40.9%~58.8%、10.4%~26.4%和18.4%~47.3%。盆栽条件下的研究[14]表明,施入黑土的肥料氮三季累积利用率达61.1%,土壤残留15.8%,其余23.1%损失。Sebilo等[34]利用15N示踪法得出,作物对肥料氮的当季利用率约45%,经30年连续种植后,累积61%~65%的肥料氮被作物吸收利用,仍有12%~15%的肥料氮残留于土壤中,累积20%~27%的肥料氮损失。在N1水平下,与DTS相比,NTS处理使肥料氮利用率显著提高21.2%,而在N2水平下,DTS处理与NTS相比其损失率显著降低26.6%。这是由于DTS处理显著提高了肥料氮的土壤残留率,这与Ning等[35]研究结果相似,秸秆深翻还田更有利于土壤对肥料氮的保持。

不同施用量下肥料氮在土壤中的残留率、损失率具有显著差异。与N1相比,N2显著降低肥料氮的当季和累积土壤残留率,却增加了其损失率。同一秸秆还田方式下,残留率随施氮量的增加而降低,损失率呈相反趋势。潘圣刚等[36]研究表明,在0~240 kg·hm–2的范围内,随着氮肥的增加氮素的吸收利用率和土壤残留率均降低,而损失率显著增加。巨晓棠等[37]研究表明,与施氮量为360 kg·hm–2相比,施氮量为120 kg·hm–2时残留率提高24.4%,损失率则降低45%,与本研究结果(表 2)一致,表明随着施氮量的增加,肥料氮残留率反而降低。

3 结论

黑土玉米农田不同秸秆还田方式下肥料氮的当季和累积利用效率分别达32.4%~43.9%、40.9%~ 58.8%,秸秆覆盖还田配施适量氮肥有利于提高肥料氮的当季和累积利用效率,而秸秆深翻还田则显著增加了肥料氮在土壤中的残留率,有利于土壤对肥料氮的保持,特别是在高氮用量情况下,增加氮肥被下季作物利用的机会,两种还田方式均能显著减少肥料氮的损失。

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表 1 不同秸秆还田方式和施氮量下植株氮来源于15N标记尿素(Ndffp)和土壤(Ndfs)比例 Table 1 Ratio of nitrogen source from 15N labeled urea(Ndffp)and soil(Ndfs)under different straw returning methods and nitrogen application rate
注:N1:施氮量180 kg·hm–2,N2:施氮量270 kg·hm–2,CK:无秸秆还田,DTS:深翻还田,NTS:免耕覆盖还田。下同。  Note: N1:Nitrogen application rate 180 kg·hm–2, N2:Nitrogen application rate 270 kg·hm–2, CK: No straw returning, DTS: Straw returning with deep plowing, NTS: Straw mulching with no-tillage. The same below. 图 1 不同秸秆还田方式下当季施入的15N标记氮肥在两季作物植株各器官的分布 Fig. 1 Distribution of 15N labeled nitrogen fertilizer applied in different straw returning methods in different organs of crop plants in two seasons
注:同一土层不同小写字母表示在相同施氮量下不同秸秆还田方式间差异显著(P < 0.05)。  Note: The different lowercase letters on the same soil layer indicated that there were significant differences between different straw-returning methods under the same nitrogen application rate(P < 0.05). 图 2 两季玉米收获后土壤中残留15N肥料在0~100 cm土层的分布 Fig. 2 Distribution of residual 15N fertilizer in 0-100 cm soil layer after maize harvest
表 2 不同秸秆还田方式和施氮量下15N标记氮肥在两季作物中的去向 Table 2 Fate of 15N-labeled nitrogen fertilizer applied in the current season under different straw returning methods and nitrogen application rates in the two-season crop system
不同秸秆还田方式下黑土玉米田肥料氮素去向
吴梦娜, 王少杰, 兰唱, 闫旭, 冯国忠, 高强