王腾(1990—),男,山西太原人,博士研究生,主要从事环境污染修复研究。E-mail:
为探究阴离子型表面修饰剂对两性修饰膨润土吸附不同类型有机污染物的影响,采用阴离子型表面修饰剂正十烷基磺酸钠(DAS)对两性修饰剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)修饰膨润土进行复配修饰,恒温浸泡处理法研究复配修饰膨润土对疏水性不同的有机污染物苯酚和菲的吸附模式差异及原因,并对比了不同温度、pH和离子强度条件下供试土样吸附苯酚及菲的吸附量及表观热力学参数。结果表明:BS+DAS复配修饰土样对苯酚及菲的吸附量随DAS修饰比例的增大而减小,且苯酚吸附量变化更为显著,复配修饰土样对苯酚的吸附模式为“无限”型分配吸附,对菲为“有限”型分配吸附;供试土样对苯酚及菲的吸附均为物理吸附,呈现增温负效应;pH升高促进了供试土样对苯酚的吸附,抑制了菲的吸附;离子强度在0.001~0.1 mol L-1范围内,可促进供试土样对苯酚及菲的吸附;热力学参数结果表明,BS+DAS两性复配修饰膨润土对苯酚及菲的吸附是自发的物理吸附过程,DAS增大了土样表面正辛醇/水分配系数的对数(log
Bentonite is a cheap and efficient adsorbent that reduces the mobility of organic and inorganic pollutants in soil.Once chemically modified, the bentonite can increase its organic pollutantsadsorption capacity. As organic pollutants are different in hydrophobicity, they are adsorbed by different mechanisms, such as distribution, surface, charge attraction, even on the same surface. However, the current researchesare focusing mainly on single surface modification of bentonite adsorbing a single organic pollutant, with little attention to complex amphoteric anionic compound modified bentonite adsorbing organic pollutants different in hydrophobicity on its surface via different mechanisms and its causes.In this paper, Dodecyl dimethyl betaine(BS) modified bentonite was remodified with anionic surfactant Sodium 1-decanesulfonate (DAS). Analysis was done of effects of modification rates on adsorption capacity of the modified bentonite and its apparent thermodynamic parameters of phenol and phenanthrene, and further of differences in adsorption of organic pollutants different in hydrophobicity and its causes.
Sodium bentonite was purchased from the Xinyang Tongchuang Bentonite Company and further purified. BS is an amphoteric surface modifier and DAS an anionic surface modifier. BS modified bentonite and BS+DAS combined modified bentonite were prepared with the wet method. 50BS means that the modification ratio of BSis 50% CEC, whereas 100BS+100DAS means indicates that the modification ratio of both BSand DAS was 100% CEC. Phenol and phenanthrene had 9 levels of concentration forming a gradient. A batch adsorption experiment was done, placing 0.2000 g of soil sample into each 50mlcentrifuge tube (plastic or glass), adding 20.00mlof phenol or phenanthrene solution (25% v/v, Dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent), separately into plastic tube or glass tube, covering each tube with a lid andsealing the lid with glue to prevent volatilation of phenol and phenanthrene, putting the tubes on an oscillator with constant temperature for 24 hours of oscillation and then on a centrifugeforcentrifugation, determining equilibrium concentration of phenol or phenanthrene in the supernatant, and in the end calculating adsorption of phenol or phenanthrene in the solution using the subtraction method.
Results show that adsorption of phenol and phenanthrene on BS+DAS bentonite decreased with increasing anionic modification ratio, the effect of the BS+DAS bentonite inhibiting phenol adsorption was more significant; the sorption of phenol on the bentonite were of the mode of "unsaturated"partitioning, while the sorption of phenanthrene of the mode of"saturated"partitioning; and both were physisorption. rising temperatureinhibited the sorption of both, but rising pH promoted the adsorption of phenol while inhibiting the adsorption of phenanthrene; Ionic strength, in the solution varying in the range ofof 0.001 mol L-1~0.1 mol L-1 KNO3 in concentration, enhanced phenol and phenanthrene adsorption; the analysis of thermodynamic parameter shows that the adsorptions of phenol and phenanthrene on BS+DAS bentonite were spontaneous process, while the adsorptions triggered by improvement of the logarithmic n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log
To improve the soil sample's capacity of adsorbing organic pollutants different in hydrophobicity by modifying the soil sample chemically to increase its organic carbon content, it is essential not only to take into consideration the effect of organic carbon content, but also to take into account variation of the intermiscibilitybetween organic phase of the soil surface and pollutions.
随着我国工业的快速发展,有机污染物对土壤和地下水资源的污染已成为当前环境污染修复的焦点问题,由于天然土壤对有机污染物固定能力较弱,有机污染物可通过淋溶、挥发、扩散等作用进入空气[
近年来,为了提升膨润土对有机、无机污染物的同时吸附能力,研究者采用两性[
本研究以阴离子型表面活性剂正十烷磺酸钠(DAS)复配修饰十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)两性修饰膨润土,通过分析不同修饰比例BS+DAS复配修饰膨润土对苯酚和菲的吸附量、表观热力学参数的变化,探究两性-阴离子型复配修饰膨润土吸附不同疏水性有机污染物的差异及其原因。
供试修饰剂:两性表面修饰剂采用十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12,分析纯,天津兴光助剂厂生产,以下统一简写为BS);阴离子型表面修饰剂采用正十烷基磺酸钠(DAS,分析纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司生产)。疏水碳链的正辛醇/水分配系数对数值(log
供试材料正辛醇/水分配系数对数值(log
Logarithmic n-octanol / water partition coefficient(log
供试材料 |
BS-12 |
DAS |
苯酚 |
菲 |
分子式 |
C16H33NO2 | C10H21NaO3S | C6H5OH | C14H10 |
结构式 |
|
|||
分子量 |
271.43 | 244.33 | 94.11 | 178.23 |
辛醇/水分配系数对数值(log |
1.33±0.24 | 2.89±0.39 | 1.46 | 4.5 |
供试黏土矿物为钠基膨润土(购于信阳同创膨润土公司),使用前采用水洗法[
有机污染物采用苯酚、菲(纯度为95%,均为分析纯),上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司生产,结构式见
BS修饰膨润土和BS+DAS复配修饰膨润土均采用湿法制备[
吸附实验采用吸附等温线的方法进行,每个处理设2个重复。供试土样设50BS+25DAS、50BS+50DAS、50BS+100DAS和50BS+150DAS;100BS+25DAS、100BS+50DAS、100BS+100DAS和100BS+150DAS复配修饰膨润土,以膨润土原土(CK),50BS和100BS单一修饰膨润土为对照。
苯酚浓度梯度设置5、10、20、50、100、200、300、400、500μg ml-19个浓度,菲浓度梯度设置0、1、2、5、10、15、20、25、30 μg ml-19个浓度,苯酚和菲均设温度为25℃,pH为7,均含0.1 mol L-1 KNO3作为背景离子。
实验条件主要考虑温度、pH、离子强度。温度设10℃、25℃和40℃(起始溶液pH=7,离子强度为0.1 mol L-1);pH设2、4、6、7、8、10(温度为25℃,离子强度为0.1 mol L-1);以KNO3为背景离子,离子强度设0.001、0.01、0.1、0.5 mol L-1(温度25℃,溶液起始pH7)。
实验采用恒温浸泡处理法进行,准确称取0.2000 g各土样加入至9只50 ml具塞离心管(苯酚、菲分别使用塑料、玻璃离心管)中,并加入20.00 ml上述不同浓度的苯酚溶液或菲溶液(25%二甲基亚砜水溶液作为溶剂),盖紧盖子,并使用封口胶密封,防止苯酚或菲挥发,150 rmin-1条件下,设定不同温度、pH及离子强度,恒温振荡24 h(前期动力学实验表明,24 h均已达到吸附平衡),4 800 rmin-1离心15min,然后测定上清液中苯酚或菲的平衡浓度,用差减法确定供试土样对水中苯酚或菲吸附量。同时做无土对照组。
苯酚采用UV-1200紫外可见分光光度计以4-氨基安替比林法测定,试剂空白校正背景吸收。菲采用SP-2100型UV-VIS分光光度计251 nm(全波长扫描证明该波长下脱附的BS与DAS对菲的影响可忽略)下测定。
采用Henry及Freundlich模型对供试土样吸附苯酚及菲的等温吸附线进行拟合,通过相关系数比较,采用Henry模型对供试膨润土吸附苯酚的等温线进行拟合,表达式为:
式中,
采用Freundlich模型对供试膨润土吸附菲的等温线进行拟合,Freundlich模型表示式为:
式中,
表观热力学参数的计算:Henry模型的参数
式中,ΔG为标准自由能变(kJ mol-1);
模型拟合采用CurveExpert 1.3非线性拟合软件进行数据拟合;采用IBM SPSS分析数据差异性;采用Origin 9.0软件进行绘图。
修饰比例对苯酚(a、b)及菲(c、d)吸附量的影响
Effect of modification ratio on adsorption of phenol(a, b) and phenanthrene(c, d)
温度对供试土样吸附苯酚(a)及菲(b)的影响
Effect of temperature on adsorption of phenol (a) and phenanthrene (b)
供试土样对苯酚及菲吸附量随pH变化规律如
pH对供试土样吸附苯酚(a)及菲(b)的影响
Effect of pH on adsorption of phenol (a) and phenanthrene (b)
离子强度对供试土样吸附苯酚及菲的影响如
离子强度对供试土样吸附苯酚(a)及菲(b)的影响
Effect of ionic strength on adsorption of phenol (a) and phenanthrene (b)
模型拟合参数及表观热力学参数
Fitting parameters and apparent thermodynamic parameters of the model
温度 |
土样 |
苯酚 |
菲 |
||||||||||||
Henry模型 |
表观热力学参数 |
Freundlish模型 |
表观热力学参数 |
||||||||||||
Δ |
Δ |
Δ |
Δ |
Δ |
Δ |
||||||||||
10℃ | CK | 0.992 3** | 9.29 | -5.25 | -9.46 | -14.87 | 0.982 5** | 64.16 | 0.94 | -9.24 | -25.50 | -57.43 | |||
50BS | 0.983 2** | 37.86 | -8.56 | -9.84 | -4.54 | 0.963 2** | 44.47 | 0.60 | -5.32 | -0.79 | 15.98 | ||||
100BS | 0.992 4** | 48.62 | -9.14 | -6.12 | 10.68 | 0.987 6** | 38.78 | 0.48 | -4.16 | -8.95 | -16.90 | ||||
50BS+25DAS | 0.989 9** | 15.88 | -6.51 | -10.83 | -15.25 | 0.959 3** | 24.59 | 0.42 | -3.18 | -5.91 | -7.56 | ||||
50BS+50DAS | 0.976 5** | 7.34 | -4.69 | -2.56 | 7.55 | 0.970 3** | 24.90 | 0.46 | -3.47 | -7.41 | -11.28 | ||||
50BS+100DAS | 0.994 6** | 5.90 | -4.18 | -3.29 | 3.16 | 0.958 3** | 27.63 | 0.56 | -4.37 | -9.39 | -14.41 | ||||
50BS+150DAS | 0.937 8** | 4.71 | -3.65 | 3.08 | 23.75 | 0.969 0** | 29.54 | 0.60 | -4.80 | -3.63 | 5.44 | ||||
100BS+25DAS | 0.992 5** | 30.69 | -8.06 | -23.49 | -54.47 | 0.976 9** | 52.51 | 0.67 | -6.26 | -16.59 | -36.50 | ||||
100BS+50DAS | 0.994 7** | 19.99 | -7.05 | -30.04 | -81.19 | 0.977 8** | 40.31 | 0.63 | -5.44 | -25.38 | -70.43 | ||||
100BS+100DAS | 0.986 2** | 17.73 | -6.77 | -59.99 | -187.96 | 0.976 0** | 36.84 | 0.62 | -5.27 | -15.17 | -34.96 | ||||
100BS+150DAS | 0.988 7** | 16.31 | -6.57 | -59.33 | -186.33 | 0.976 1** | 36.12 | 0.63 | -5.28 | -11.25 | -21.07 | ||||
25℃ | CK | 0.994 3** | 7.59 | -5.02 | -9.46 | -14.87 | 0.980 3** | 46.16 | 0.88 | -8.38 | -25.50 | -57.43 | |||
50BS | 0.951 0** | 30.68 | -8.49 | -9.84 | -4.54 | 0.963 4** | 42.43 | 0.60 | -5.56 | -0.79 | 15.98 | ||||
100BS | 0.984 3** | 42.66 | -9.30 | -6.12 | 10.68 | 0.981 9** | 32.02 | 0.46 | -3.91 | -8.95 | -16.90 | ||||
50BS+25DAS | 0.993 2** | 12.60 | -6.28 | -10.83 | -15.25 | 0.969 9** | 25.40 | 0.46 | -3.35 | -5.91 | -7.56 | ||||
50BS+50DAS | 0.960 4** | 6.95 | -4.81 | -2.56 | 7.55 | 0.9752** | 26.20 | 0.50 | -3.66 | -7.41 | -11.28 | ||||
50BS+100DAS | 0.986 4** | 5.50 | -4.23 | -3.29 | 3.16 | 0.974 4** | 29.68 | 0.61 | -4.60 | -9.39 | -14.41 | ||||
50BS+150DAS | 0.970 8** | 5.03 | -4.00 | 3.08 | 23.75 | 0.976 1** | 29.62 | 0.63 | -5.06 | -3.63 | 5.44 | ||||
100BS+25DAS | 0.995 0** | 18.58 | -7.24 | -23.49 | -54.47 | 0.956 4** | 39.87 | 0.63 | -5.71 | -16.59 | -36.50 | ||||
100BS+50DAS | 0.972 8** | 10.52 | -5.83 | -30.04 | -81.19 | 0.952 3** | 26.37 | 0.54 | -4.38 | -25.38 | -70.43 | ||||
100BS+100DAS | 0.970 3** | 4.92 | -3.95 | -59.99 | -187.96 | 0.947 1** | 27.52 | 0.58 | -4.75 | -15.17 | -34.96 | ||||
100BS+150DAS | 0.978 2** | 4.59 | -3.78 | -59.33 | -186.33 | 0.965 3** | 27.70 | 0.60 | -4.96 | -11.25 | -21.07 |
各供试土样吸附菲的吸附自由能变均为负值,属于自发反应,50BS阶段复配修饰DAS,-Δ
苯酚和菲作为两种疏水性差异较大的有机污染物,二者在BS+DAS复配修饰膨润土表面的吸附量变化规律存在差异。由
随着温度升高,复配修饰膨润土对苯酚及菲的吸附量均呈下降趋势,总体上显示为增温负效应现象,证实BS+DAS复配修饰膨润土对苯酚和菲的吸附与两性修饰膨润土相似[
从分子结构上看,BS具有一个C12的烷基疏水碳链及2个分别带正、负电荷的亲水基团,DAS具有一个C10的烷基疏水碳链及一个带负电的亲水基团,通过计算可得,BS与DAS疏水碳链log
BS形成的有机相log
而对于菲的吸附,50BS+DAS、100BS+DAS复配修饰土样层间DAS有所增多,造成有机相log
综上所述,BS+DAS复配修饰膨润土吸附苯酚及菲的决定因素为土样总碳含量,随着DAS复配修饰比例的增大,土样总碳含量降低,苯酚及菲吸附量下降;而苯酚与菲吸附模式的决定因素,则是土样表面有机相log
BS+DAS复配修饰膨润土对苯酚及菲吸附量均与DAS复配修饰比例呈反比;复配修饰土样对苯酚及菲的吸附均具有增温负效应,为物理吸附;pH升高不利于苯酚与菲的吸附;离子强度在0.01~0.1 mol L-1范围内对苯酚及菲的吸附具有促进作用;苯酚与土样表面有机相log
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