黄容(1989―),女,福建福州人,博士研究生,主要从事土壤质量与环境研究。E-mail:
以重庆市九龙坡区白市驿镇蔬菜基地为试验平台,通过大田试验,研究了锯木灰渣不同施用量还田1年后对酸性紫色土改良效果,并进一步分析了锯木灰渣对土壤微生物群落及微生物碳、氮的影响,以期为紫色菜园退化土壤养分和酸化的修复提供合理措施,同时实现循环农业的可持续发展。结果表明:(1)锯木灰渣施用能显著提高蔬菜产量,且随着施用量的增加呈增加趋势,其中锯木灰渣施用量为18 000 kg hm-2时,产量较未施用锯木灰渣(A0)处理显著提高了76.1%~121.9%;(2)经锯木灰渣处理的退化紫色土表层和亚表层的有机质含量和pH提高,尤其是锯木灰渣施用量为18 000 kg hm-2的改良效果较佳,但是过高的锯木灰渣施用量处理对土壤交换性H+、Al3+效果反而下降,而施用量为12 000~15 000 kg hm-2处理的效果较佳,其中表层土壤交换性H+、Al3+分别为0.19~0.20,0.63~0.67 cmol kg-1;(3)12 000~15 000 kg hm-2的锯木灰渣施用量对土壤碱解氮和速效钾的提升效果较佳,18 000 kg hm-2处理的有效磷含量最大,较A0处理增加了55.3 mg kg-1;(4)无论在表层土壤还是亚表层土壤中,细菌的种群数量分布最多,其次为真菌和放线菌,分别在12 000,9 000,6 000 kg hm-2锯木灰渣施用量下的种群数量达到最大值;9 000~12 000 kg hm-2处理对提高表层土壤微生物量碳含量较为明显,较A0显著提高了70.4%~78.7%,18 000 kg hm-2处理的土壤微生物生物量氮(SMBN)含量最大(40.54 mg kg-1),其次为9 000 kg hm-2处理(34.32 mg kg-1)。综上,锯木灰渣施用量为12 000~15 000 kg hm-2时对退化紫色土的改良效果较好。
The objective of this study is to explore effects of saw dust ash ameliorating acid purple soil relative to dosage of the ash used, in an attempt to work out a scientific basis and reasonable measures to remedy degraded and acidified purple soil and hence to realize sustainable development and circular agriculture.
In this study, saw dust ash used was residue after combustion at 800~900 ℃. A one-year field experiment was designed to have seven treatments different in saw dust ash application rate, i.e. 0, 3 000, 6 000, 9 000, 12 000, 15 000, 18 000 kg hm-2, and carried out in the Baishiyi Vegetable Base of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, China, to explore effects of application of the saw dust ash on amelioration of acid purple soil, and on soil microbiota, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN).
Results show: 1) application of saw dust ash increased yields of the vegetables significantly, showing a trend of the yield increasing with rising application rate; and the treatment applied with 18 000 kg hm-2 of saw dust ash was 76.1%~121.9% higher than CK (0 kg hm-2 applied) in vegetable yield; 2) Application of saw dust ash increased the content of organic matter and pH in the surface and subsurface layers of the degraded purple soil, and the effect was particularly significant in the treatment applied with 18 000 kg hm-2 of the ash. However, overuse of the ash (over 18 000 kg hm-2) had a negative effect on the content of exchangeable H+ and Al3+, while in the treatments applied with 12 000~15 000 kg hm-2 of the ash no such effect was observed, and the content of exchangeable H+ and Al3+ was 0.19~0.20 and 0.63~0.67 cmol kg-1, respectively; 3) In the treatments applied with 12 000~15 000 kg hm-2 of the ash, soil alkalytic N and readily available K increased significantly and in the treatment applied with 18 000 kg hm-2 of the ash soil available P was the highest or 55.3 mg kg-1 higher than in CK; And 4) The population of bacteria was the highest in the surface and subsurface layers and followed by that of fungi and actinomyces, and they peaked in the treatment applied with 12 000, 9 000 and 6 000 kg hm-2 of the ash respectively. Compared with CK (A0), the treatments applied with 12 000~15 000 kg hm-2 of the ash was significantly increased or by 70.4%~78.7% in SMBC content, and the treatment applied with 18 000 kg hm-2 of the ash was the highest in SMBN content, reaching up to 40.54 mg kg-1 and followed by the treatment applied with 9 000 kg hm-2 of the ash, which was 34.32 mg kg-1.
Results show that application of saw dust ash can increase soil available nutrient contents, remedy soil acidification and improve soil microbial communities, SMBC and SMBN. In the study, the application rate of 12 000~15 000 kg hm-2 is the most suitable one that can improve soil fertility and increase soil microorganic population in degraded purple soil.
生物质作为一种新型的可再生环保性能源,主要是由光合作用而产生的各种有机体,即一切有生命的可以生长的有机物质[
生物质灰渣是生物质燃烧产生的固体废弃物,富含磷、钾等营养元素[
供试生物质灰渣为锯木灰渣,于2013年在重庆生息节能公司采集。通过从工厂以及农户中收集的锯木生物质经粉碎、筛分后,放入锅炉中在800~900℃下焚烧,所产生的副产品即本试验所需的生物质灰渣(pH 12.8,N 0.78 g kg-1,P2O5 5.99 g kg-1,K2O 24.9 g kg-1,MgO 17.4 g kg-1,CaO 15.7 g kg-1,Fe 14.3 g kg-1,Cu 0.19 g kg-1,Zn 0.20 g kg-1,Mn 1.5 g kg-1)。
研究区位于重庆九龙坡区白市驿镇蔬菜基地,白市驿镇是重庆“主城西拓”即西部新城建设的重点区域,属典型的亚热带湿润季风型气候区。1997年之前,重庆市九龙坡区白市驿镇主要种植水稻、玉米等粮食作物。在1997年之后,该地区慢慢地向蔬菜种植方向发展,至今已有了较大面积范围的蔬菜基地。重庆市九龙坡区的土壤为灰棕紫泥土。该地区的土壤主要用于种植蔬菜,同时蔬菜在一年种植4~6季,复种指数达到400%~600%,比种植粮食的复种指数高很多。由于长期种植蔬菜,集约化程度高,大量的使用化肥,导致土壤酸化严重,板结、活土层变浅等问题,亟需寻求方便、快捷解决此问题的方案。
在重庆市九龙坡区白市驿选取地带养分差异较小的田块(pH4.5,有机质26.9 g kg-1,碱解氮134.4 mg kg-1,有效磷132.8 mg kg-1,速效钾171.5 mg kg-1),试验设7个处理,每个试验小区面积为4×5 m2,每个小区分别按0、3 000、6 000、9 000、12 000、15 000、18 000 kg hm-2添加生物质灰渣,标记为A0、A200、A400、A600、A800、A1000、A1200,每个处理设3个重复,按随机区组设计。
试验于2013年4月开始,施用1 500 kg hm-2的有机肥(鸡粪),7 d后,通过撒施的方式,一次性施入锯木灰渣,于机械翻耕使锯木灰渣与土壤混匀后3 d,种植蔬菜(飘儿白),每季作物种植期间按当地的方式进行田间管理并根据当地的常规施肥量,其中底肥施用450 kg hm-2的NPK复合肥(N-P2O5- K2O:15-15-15,总养分≥45%),追施300 kg hm-2的NPK复合肥(N-P2O5- K2O:22-9-9,总养分≥40%)。大田试验共种植5季蔬菜(飘儿白),分别于蔬菜收获后的2013年5月18日、8月14日、10月31日、12月20日、2014年3月24日(分别标记为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5)记录蔬菜产量,并采集了最后一季0~20 cm和20~40 cm土样,每个小区采集5点(梅花形布点),将5点土样均匀混合成一个样品,取部分土样置于放了冰袋的保温箱中运回实验室,并置于4℃冰箱保存用于测定微生物数量和微生物生物量碳、氮指标,另一部分在室内剔除石砾、肉眼可见的植物残体及根系等杂质后,经自然风干后测定土壤的基本理化性质等指标。
土壤基本理化性质测定:土壤全氮采用H2SO4-H2O2消煮―蒸馏滴定法测定;土壤全磷采用H2SO4-H2O2消煮―钒钼黄比色法测定;土壤全钾采用H2SO4-H2O2消煮―火焰光度计法测定;土壤碱解氮采用碱解扩散法测定;土壤有效磷采用pH8.5,0.5 mol L-1 NaHCO3浸提―钼蓝比色法测定;土壤速效钾采用pH 7,1 mol L-1醋酸铵浸提―火焰光度计法测定;土壤有机质采用重铬酸钾容量法测定;土壤活性酸采用电位法测定(水土比1︰1);土壤潜在酸采用中性1 mol L-1 KCl淋洗,0.1 mol L-1 HCl标准液滴定法测定,具体测定步骤参见文献[
微生物数量测定:土壤微生物种类丰富,主要有细菌、真菌及放线菌等。细菌采用牛肉汁蛋白胨琼脂培养基平板混菌法培养测定;真菌采用马丁氏琼脂培养基平板混菌法培养测定;放线菌采用高氏1号琼脂培养基平板混菌法培养测定。
土壤微生物生物量碳、氮测定:采用氯仿熏蒸直接提取法,其中土壤微生物C用重铬酸钾-硫酸消煮―硫酸亚铁滴定法,N用过硫酸钾消煮―比色法,利用熏蒸和未熏蒸土壤提取的有机碳、全氮含量之差分别乘以系数0.38(微生物生物量碳)、0.45(微生物生物量氮),求得土壤微生物生物量碳、氮。
数据处理和作图采用Excel 2010、SPSS18.0软件进行统计分析,不同处理之间差异采用One-Way ANOVA进行比较(LSD法,
锯木灰渣施用能显著提高各季蔬菜产量,如
不同锯木灰渣施用量下各季蔬菜产量箱式图
Yield of vegetable relative to application rate of the ash
锯木灰渣施用对有机质含量的影响如
不同锯木灰渣施用量下土壤有机质含量的变化
Content of soil organic matter in the soil relative to application rate of the ash
锯木灰渣施用对退化紫色菜园土pH的影响如
不同锯木灰渣施用量下土壤pH的变化
Soil pH in the soil relative to application rate of the ash
锯木灰渣施用对退化紫色菜园土交换性H+、Al3+的影响如
不同锯木灰渣施用量下表层土壤(a)和亚表层土壤(b)中交换性H+、Al3+的变化
Contents of exchangeable H+ and Al3+ in the surface layer (a) and subsurface layer (b) of the soil relative to application rate of the ash
如
锯木灰渣施用对退化紫色菜园土有效养分的影响如
不同锯木灰渣施用量下表层土壤有效养分含量的变化
Content of available nutrients in the surface layer of the soil relative to application rate of the ash
锯木灰渣施用对退化紫色菜园土微生物群落的影响如
不同锯木灰渣施用量下土壤三大类菌的种群数量
Populations of the three major groups of soil microbes in the soil relative to application rate of the ash
处理代号 |
细菌Bacterium |
真菌Fungus |
放线菌Actinomyces |
|||||
0~20 cm | 20~40 cm | 0~20 cm | 20~40 cm | 0~20 cm | 20~40 cm | |||
A0 | 4.23a | 4.12b | 3.76b | 3.56a | 2.54a | 2.43a | ||
A200 | 8.12b | 6.32c | 5.23a | 4.03b | 2.32a | 3.34b | ||
A400 | 10.32bc | 7.23c | 8.34cd | 4.13b | 4.33c | 3.24b | ||
A600 | 14.32d | 5.34a | 9.32d | 4.42b | 2.32a | 2.87a | ||
A800 | 16.23e | 4.32b | 5.34a | 4.23b | 4.02bc | 3.73b | ||
A1000 | 11.23b | 4.89ab | 5.67a | 4.34b | 3.23b | 2.83a | ||
A1200 | 13.23cd | 6.34c | 7.42c | 6.45c | 3.23b | 3.27b |
锯木灰渣施用对退化紫色菜园土微生物生物量的影响如
不同锯木灰渣施用量下表层土壤微生物生物量的变化
Biomass of soil microbes in the soil relative to application rate of the ash
锯木灰渣是植株茎部在高温(800~900 ℃)下焚烧所得生物质灰渣[
我国土壤酸化问题较为严重,而由土壤酸化所引发的盐基离子淋失、有毒重金属活化、活性铝溶出等一系列问题,会严重影响土壤安全、植物生长和人体健康;特别是土壤酸化后,氢离子会与土壤胶体上的盐基离子交换,导致营养元素大量流失,引起土壤肥力下降,严重影响作物生长,不利于可持续发展和生态平衡[
土壤有效养分是作物生长直接吸收利用的重要营养成分。有研究表明,土壤改良剂不仅可以调节土壤酸度,还可以提高土壤中有效磷和速效钾含量,降低碱解氮含量[
土壤微生物作为土壤中物质转化和养分循环的主要驱动者,对养分的有效性以及土壤质量有重要的作用[
土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)作为土壤碳库中最活跃的部分,是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标之一[
锯木灰渣的施用能显著提高蔬菜产量,随着施用量的增加,产量呈增加趋势。锯木灰渣还田一年后,15 000~18 000 kg hm-2的锯木灰渣施用量对表层土壤(0~20 cm)有机质的提升效果较佳;锯木灰渣呈碱性,与对照相比,经锯木灰渣处理的表层和亚表层土壤pH均提高,锯木灰渣提高土壤pH主要体现在降低了土壤交换性Al3+含量(铝害),但过高的施用量(18 000 kg hm-2),降低表层土壤铝害的效果反而下降;此外,12 000~15 000 kg hm-2的锯木灰渣施用量对土壤碱解氮和速效钾的提升效果较佳,18 000 kg hm-2的锯木灰渣处理的有效磷含量最大。中量(9 000~12 000 kg hm-2)锯木灰渣处理对提高土壤三大类菌的种群数量、微生物生物量碳的效果较佳。综上,锯木灰渣施用量为12 000~15 000 kg hm-2时对退化紫色土的改良效果较好。
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