陈卫平(1976—),男,河南开封人,博士,研究员,主要研究领域:土壤污染过程与风险管控。E-mail:
我国农田土壤重金属污染格局多样,区域污染风险突出。发达国家对污染土壤的修复经验对我国具有借鉴意义。我国农田土壤重金属污染防治面临土壤重金属空间异质性强、土壤类型及农作物品种对重金属累积差异大、土壤酸化严重、土壤元素失衡、不科学的发展方式、土壤重金属累积趋势难以逆转、土壤—农作物重金属累积线性关系不显著,修复技术不完善、修复措施长期风险调控机制缺失等主要挑战。根据我国农田土壤污染防治现状及课题组工作基础,我们提出以预防为主、保护优先和风险管控为基本思路,建立土壤污染防治体系,通过“土壤环境质量调查、土壤污染源头管控、分类管理和土壤环境质量基准推导”等4个步骤推进农田土壤重金属污染防治工作。
The agricultural soil in China has been widely polluted by heavy metals and the regional contamination is serious. The experience on soil remediation in developed countries is significantly instructive for farmland protection in China. The heavy metal pollution of farmlands in China faces great challenges including spatial heterogeneity of heavy metal accumulation, various enrichment characteristics depending on soil types and crop, soil acidification, loss of soil trace elements, unreasonable development patterns, significant input of heavy metal into soil, poor correlation between the heavy metal concentration in soil and crop plants, inadvisable remediation techniques, and lack of long-term risk control measures. Responses to these problems, we proposed a soil prevention and control system to promote the remediation of contaminated cropland in China, which mainly focused on pollution prevention, and take prior protection as well as risk control as basic course. Based on this system, the soil pollution prevention and control work can be implemented through systematically procedures including soil environment investigation, pollution source control, risk assessment and classification management, and the derivation of soil quality threshold.
农田土壤重金属污染关系农产品质量安全和农田生态系统健康[
对污染农田的治理修复可增加粮食产量,提高农产品质量安全,维护区域民众健康,其生态—社会—经济效益巨大。2016年5月,国务院印发了《土壤污染防治行动计划》(简称“土十条”),体现了国家对土壤重金属污染防治工作的重视。相对于水污染和大气污染,土壤污染隐蔽性强、自净能力差、风险累积时间长[
当前国内土壤重金属污染研究主要集中在污染源解析,矿区周边土壤污染特征分析,健康风险评价及修复技术等多个方面[
20世纪60年代,美国、欧洲(德国、法国和荷兰等)和日本等发达国家以重工业为主的经济发展模式引发了严重的土壤污染问题[
美国于20世纪40年代出台了《农业修正法案》,鼓励农户对近1 620万hm2农田进行休耕,并于50、70和80年代再次开展休耕。20世纪70年代,美国对其土壤与农作物重金属累积量进行调查,对污染区域进行风险评估[
20世纪80年代,欧洲各国通过建立土壤可持续利用工作机制,完善土壤环境管理的法制、法规和相关标准等有效措施从整体上加强农田土壤环境管理[
由于农用地资源短缺,日本对土壤重金属污染防治工作十分重视[
相关报道指出巴基斯坦[
农田土壤重金属污染修复市场需求巨大,但由于我国土壤污染问题与发达国家同期比较差异较大,且农田土壤环境管理起步较晚,对各国土壤修复经验可以借鉴但不能照搬。明确的农田土壤重金属污染防治思路,完善的法律、法规体系,针对性的管理策略,长期的资金和先进的技术支持是发达国家有效推进农田土壤污染修复工作的基础,也为我国提供了很好的学习范例。
我国幅员辽阔,不同区域土壤重金属背景值和累积量差异较大,需要大量物力和人力来把握土壤整体污染状况[
县域尺度内土壤重金属背景值和累积情况也存在较大差异。我们对湖南某地农田的调查显示[
农田土壤重金属累积量还受到距工业区、矿区和城镇区的距离,不同种类农产品的投入及气候条件等多种因素影响,这进一步促进了农田土壤重金属累积的空间变异[
我国农田土壤类型多样,由于土壤条件、气候条件和耕作管理水平的不同,不同类型土壤理化性质差异较大,这进一步加剧了农田土壤重金属污染的多样化格局[
王金贵[
不同农作物对土壤重金属累积量差异较大[
不同农作物种类及相同农作物种类不同品种对土壤重金属富集能力的差异造成系统管理农田土壤污染风险的不便,但也为污染农田的再利用和耕作方式调整提供了新的契机和方向。
农田土壤酸化增强了土壤重金属活性及其迁移和扩散能力,减弱了土壤—植物系统重金属迁移屏障,加剧了重金属污染的危害[
我国土壤酸化面积近200万hm2,近年来粮田、菜园和果园酸化趋势均有增加[
氮肥施用不当、连作种植致酸作物及酸沉降是造成我国农田土壤酸化的主要原因[
提高氮肥利用率,科学施用土壤改良剂,加强作物致酸研究和控制氮、硫污染物排放可助于缓解我国农田土壤酸化问题。
土壤生态系统中一些盐基离子与重金属元素在农作物吸收和转运中存在密切的消长关系[
Yang等[
土壤盐基离子的流失也是造成很多修复措施在实际应用时效果不佳的主要原因之一。重建土壤元素平衡有助于提升土壤修复效率和保障土壤生态系统的健康运转。
近年来由于劳动力成本增加和稻米Cd含量超标事件的发生,我国部分地区出现了超量施用化肥、改用进口磷肥、水稻田改菜地、双季稻改单季稻等现象,进一步加剧了土壤重金属污染的危害。
一些地区误认为超量施用化肥有助于农作物吸收营养元素,缓解重金属危害。虽然我国常用的化肥中(以氮肥、钾肥及复合肥为主)重金属含量并不高,但众多实验指出长期大量施用化肥会破坏土壤农业生态服务功能,显著增加农作物对重金属的富集[
近30年来我国菜地面积增加了411%,而水稻种植面积减少了20.4%[
1998―2006年,我国南方有1.7×106 hm2双季稻改为单季稻,产量损失达1.6×107 t[
农田土壤重金属来源广泛,大气沉降、污水灌溉和化肥应用均会对农田土壤重金属的累积产生显著影响[
Luo等[
我国部分地区有机肥(尤其是畜禽粪便)和污灌污水中重金属含量过高[
可见在整体环境质量得以改善之前,我国农田土壤重金属污染持续累积趋势难以改变。从源头上控制主要污染元素在农田土壤中的积累有助于降低农产品重金属富集风险。
重金属在土壤—农作物系统中的迁移和转运受到土壤pH、有机质含量、阳离子交换量和氧化还原电位等多种因素影响,因而土壤与农作物重金属富集水平无明显定量关联[
土壤与农作物重金属含量线性关系的不显著增加了粮食质量保障的复杂性,也给农田土壤重金属污染风险控制与管理带来了极大挑战。
我国土壤污染修复基础研究与技术研究衔接不够,尚未形成针对农田重金属污染土壤修复的完备体系。
当前我国常用的农田污染修复技术主要集中在物理技术、化学技术、生物技术和农艺修复措施等4方面[
我国于近年设立专项资金在典型污染区域开展了一定规模的重金属污染农田修复试点工程,其中超富集植物蜈蚣草在广西环江As污染农田土壤中的选培和应用,物理、化学、生物和农艺联合修复技术在江西贵溪Cu污染农田中的应用,VIP技术模式(品种-灌溉-酸度调节模式)在湖南长株潭Cd污染水稻田中的应用,为污染农田的修复提供了技术模式和管理经验[
近年来各种外来材料在我国污染农田的应用增加趋势明显[
秸秆还田是常用的农业生态修复措施之一[
石灰作为来源广、价格经济,并有效提升土壤pH和降低土壤重金属活性的改良剂在我国南方水稻田大量应用[
因此应建立针对秸秆、石灰、钝化剂、调理剂、改良剂等修复措施长期施用的安全性和可持续性定量评估机制,并因地制宜地加以调控,避免加剧农田土壤重金属污染的危害。
我国未来经济转型和产业升级仍需较长时间[
“土十条”对我国农田土壤污染防治工作提出了预防为主、保护优先、风险管控的整体思路。基于此建立的农田土壤污染防治技术体系,需要坚持预防为主、保护优先,管控为主、修复为辅,示范引导、因地制宜等原则,形成由法律法规、标准体系、管理体制、公众参与、科学研究和宣传教育组成的支撑体系,从不同层面响应和服务“土十条”。在构建农田土壤重金属污染防治体系时应以保障农产品质量安全和人居环境安全为出发点,充分考虑土地利用类别、污染物类别、污染程度、技术经济条件等因素,体现系统化、差异化、有序化等工作思路,在摸清土壤污染现状的基础上,同步推进污染源管控,对农用地实行等级评估、分类管理、有序修复和跟踪监控的科学治理措施,扎实推进我国农田土壤重金属污染防治工作。
重金属污染物在土壤—农作物系统中的迁移与转运驱动因子复杂,涉及土壤学、农学、生物学及农业工程学等多个学科[
环境质量评估是对土壤环境综合数据库的有效补充,有利于污染物管控和修复措施的科学决策。提高土壤重金属污染预测精度,准确掌握重金属污染重点区域,有助于在农田污染防治过程中对整体和局部的风险管控[
根据农田土壤污染特征,结合同位素分析方法、多元统计方法和源解析模型等技术联合分析重金属污染物的来源类型,估计不同源的贡献率,绘制详细的农田土壤重金属污染源图谱,识别重要敏感区和污染成因,确定污染面积、空间分布及演变趋势,针对性地控制农田重金属污染趋势。
在此基础上开展污染物消减工作。在源头控制上应用废弃物资源化、清洁化等技术;在路径控制上,结合农业工程措施,发展污染物拦截阻断技术(如精准施肥与施药技术、农业面源污染防治技术)。在区域尺度上,强化企业清洁生产,引导企业合理布局,防治重点污染物迁移扩散,减少农田外源污染物输入。
分类管理是农田土壤污染防治的根本措施。当前农田分类倾向于以乡、镇为单位的规则性划分。而我国农田土壤污染格局多样,污染程度各异,污染区分布破碎。因此需要按照国家相关技术规范,根据土壤污染程度、农产品质量情况,将农田划分为优先保护类、安全利用类和严格管控类。在类别划分时,需要综合考虑土壤类型、农作物种类、耕作制度、土壤与农产品重金属累积特征、区域产业结构布局和污染物扩散规律等因素,尽量减少每一个划分单元内自然、社会经济和环境质量等因素的差异,以增强风险管控和修复措施的针对性。
在制定针对具体单元或田块的修复策略时,应充分考虑不同修复技术的优缺点,筛选、联合各种修复技术,并耦合科学的耕作措施和适当的农作物品种,因地制宜地开展修复工作,体现“一区一策”的防治理念[
同时应注重借鉴国内外修复经验和先进理念[
当前我国对土壤和农作物重金属含量是否超标的界定仍基于早年颁布的质量分级基准[
我国土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)对重金属的规定标准是粗略而固定的[
综上所述,重视农田土壤生态服务功能理念,以恢复农田生态系统健康为目标,依托于针对全污染链条各环节的完整技术体系,实现“调查—分类—管控”三步走的战略思考,建立因地制宜、成本经济、简单易行的农田土壤重金属污染治理方案,可有效推进我国农田污染防治工作的开展。结合国内外农田土壤污染治理经验和我国国情,农田土壤重金属污染修复是一项长期综合的系统工程,为顺利落实“土十条”的各项要求,媒体应减少“坏土壤”、“毒大米”等缺乏科学性的报道,加强相关专业知识的宣传普及;政府部门应高度重视粮食安全,落实相应的法律、法规;科学家应加强技术创新和相关科学研究;民众应积极参与,客观看待农田土壤污染问题。
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