梁林洲(1978-), 男, 福建上杭人, 博士, 副研究员。主要从事土壤肥力管理、知识产权管理与科技成果产业化研究。E-mail:
土壤环境动态数据可为农业可持续发展和环境管理决策提供科学依据。研发成本低、性能稳定且精度高的土壤监测装备是实现土壤数据快速获取的关键。基于incoPat科技创新情报平台,检索了2000年至2019年期间国内外土壤环境监测装备的专利产出,对专利申请数量、技术构成、区域分布、主要申请人、法律状态等方面进行了分析,以揭示中国土壤环境监测装备领域的研发状况、技术发展趋势和产学研合作情况。结果表明,近年来,中国土壤环境监测装备领域专利数量急剧增加;土壤监测指标从土壤肥力指标向污染物和生物监测指标拓展,结合现代信息技术等新兴技术发展智能化的原位监测装备正在发展,新的研发充分考虑了定性与定量的结合;我国在土壤环境监测装备领域的专利申请人多隶属高校和科研院所,企业参与度较低。综上,土壤污染物和生物指标的监测已成为焦点,生物和信息新技术成果正逐步引入土壤环境监测设备的开发;中国在土壤环境监测装备领域的产学研合作研发亟需加强。
Dynamic data of soil environment can be used as a scientific basis for decision-making in the field of sustainable agriculture and environmental management. Research and development (R & D) of soil monitoring equipment, low in cost, stable in performance and high in precision, is the key to rapid collection of soil data.
Based on the incoPat, a technology innovation information platform, retrievals were made of output of patents on soil environmental monitoring equipment at home and abroad during 2000-2019, for analysis of number of applications, technology composition, regional distribution, major applicants, legal status, etc. of the patents, in an attempt to reveal R & D status, technology development trends and industry-university-research cooperations in the field of soil environmental monitoring equipment in China.
Results indicate that in recent years, the number of patents has been increasing significantly in China. Soil indices being monitored have extended from soil fertility to pollutants and biological ones. Intelligent in-situ monitoring equipment is being developed in combination with emerging technologies such as modern information technology, and integration of qualitative and quantitative is fully considered in the new R & D. At present, most of the patent applicants in this aspect in China are universities and scientific research institutions, participation of enterprises is relatively lower in degree.
Monitoring of soil pollutants and biological indicators have become a focus, and novel technological achievements in the fields of biology and information science are being introduced into the development of soil monitoring equipment. In China, the industry-university-research cooperation in this field needs to be strengthened urgently.
土壤是人类赖以生存的自然资源之一,也是经济社会可持续发展的物质基础,土壤环境质量关系到食品安全和人类生存环境[
专利文献是科技信息的重要载体和重要表现形式,专利信息包含了全球90%以上的研发产出,它不仅能快速反映科学技术发展的最新前沿水平,也能反映企业的自主知识产权战略布局和市场地位[
https://www.incopat.com/),incoPat具有国内外较为完备的专利数据库,收录了全球112个国家、组织和地区1亿余件专利信息、专利文献,覆盖全面,准确性较高。采用模块检索策略,将土壤环境监测装备主题分成三个技术上有意义的独立块,每个块使用关键词和国际专利分类号组合。为保证专利文献检索的全面性,先分解检索要素,后在检索平台中“申请日”项中设定为“2000年1月1日—2019年11月30日”,检索式为“TI=((“土壤” or “耕地” or “农田” or “山地” or “草地” or “果园” or “菜地” or “菜园” or “林地” or “soil*” or “cultivated land” or “farmland” or “mountain” or “grassland” or “orchard” or “vegetable plot” or “vegetable garden” or “woodland”)And(“环境”or “养分” or “肥力” or “重金属” or “污染物” or “氮” or “磷” or “钾” or “pH” or “酸度” or “电导率” or “EC” or “有机质” or “水分” or “湿度” or “墒” or “温度” or “生物” or “化学” or “物理” or “environment” or “environmental” or “ecology” or “ecological” or “nutrients” or “fertility” or “heavy metals” or “pollutants” or “nitrogen” or “phosphorus” or “potassium” or “pH” or “acidity” or “conductivity” or “EC” or “organic matter” or “water” or “humidity” or “soil moisture” or “temperature” or “biology” or “biological” or “chemistry” or “chemical” or “physics” or “physical”)And(“检测” or “测量” or “测定” or “分析” or “监测” or “探针” or “传感器” or “detect*” or “measurement” or “measure” or “measuring” or “analysis” or “analyzing” or “monitoring” or “monitor” or “probes” or “probing” or “sensors”))and国际专利分类(IPC,International Patent Classification)=(G01)”,统计全球专利申请情况。初步检索到的结果进行人工去噪并标引,最终获取中国土壤环境监测装备领域的相关专利2 361件。]]>
基于incoPat数据库的专利分析平台,利用Excel 2016、VOSviewer分析软件对土壤环境监测装备领域相关专利数据进行计量统计和可视化分析。分别以专利申请量、申请人、区域布局、专利技术特征等为指标进行分析,揭示土壤环境监测装备领域的专利文献分布现状、竞争态势、主要的技术特征以及研究热点和研究发展趋势。
对2000—2019年20年间的全球土壤环境监测装备专利申请量进行统计分析(
土壤环境监测装备专利申请数量的年际变化
Annual variation trend of the number of patent applications on soil environmental monitoring equipment
一种技术生命周期通常会经历技术萌芽期、发展期、成熟期和衰退期四个阶段。分析一种技术的专利申请量和申请人数的年度变化趋势,了解该技术处于生命周期哪种阶段,有助于为该领域研发及专利申请提供参考。从土壤环境监测装备专利技术生命周期分析(
土壤环境监测装备领域的申请人排名可反映该领域主要的研发机构及其竞争态势。研究涉及的机构主要包括高等院校、企业、科研单位等共1 353家。
主要研发机构专利申请量的年际变化
Annual variation trend of the number of patent applications from major research and development institutions
通过分析全球专利的技术构成(
世界土壤环境监测装备领域专利的技术分布
Distribution of the technologies patented on soil environmental monitoring equipment in the world
中国不同专利技术领域的合作关系
Cooperation between different fields of patented technology in China
根据不同的土壤环境监测指标,将G01N技术领域的专利主要细分为土壤物理性质测定、土壤化学性质测定、土壤养分指标监测、土壤污染物指标监测、土壤生物指标监测这五个技术主题。
中国在G01N技术领域的专利类别
Patent categories of Chinese patents in G01N Technology
技术功效矩阵分析有助于寻找技术空白点、热点和突破点,从土壤环境监测领域专利的技术功效矩阵分布图(
土壤环境监测装备技术功效矩阵
Technical effect diagram of soil environment monitoring equipment technology
中国在不同技术类别的年度发展趋势
Annual development trend of technology relative to category in China
专利申请数量是技术产出的直接反映,土壤环境监测装备专利的全球地域分布显示,美国、日本、德国是较早申请专利的国家,具有较高影响力,中国是该领域专利数量最多的国家,中国、美国、日本和德国是该领域专利的主要申请国家(
中国土壤环境监测装备专利所涉及的技术分类主要包括土壤物理性质、化学性质、养分、污染物、生物指标的监测(
冯杰[
中国排名TOP10的土壤环境监测装备专利申请机构均为高校和科研院所(
为此,中国高校和科研院所应注重专利等知识产权成果的管理和运营,拓宽专利的技术布局,加强同企业合作,提高专利市场转化率。建议我国在该领域技术实力较强的高校、科研院所抓住当前全国科技体制改革大背景下,重视校企合作和科技成果转化的有利时机,积极寻求拓展和加强与企业的合作,及时将院校的科研成果应用到设备领域产业化中,加快国家创新驱动发展的步伐。农业农村部目前已经初步建成国家农业科学观测监测网络,包括对土壤、水、肥、气象等关键要素的长期系统动态监测,为推动农业科技创新提供数据支撑并为灾害预警提供依据。农业农村部自2017年启动实施农业基础性长期性科技工作以来,已构建了11个数据中心、456个观测试验站、4万多个生态环境国控监测点,形成了实验观测和定点监测相结合的网络体系[
纵观国际[
[
第三,土壤生物指标监测装备的发展。土壤微生物种群是土壤转化过程不可或缺的媒介,土壤生物种群在土壤保护和退化乃至生态系统中均起到重要作用[
目前,我国已在部分环保城市建立一些大气环境和水环境的自动监测站点。随着监测手段的不断发展与监测领域和范围的不断扩大,未来土壤环境监测应提高设备的信息化、集成化水平,在数据交换共享、信息化跨界融合方面需要进一步加强,与大气、水环境监测信息有效结合,满足环境质量综合管理监测需要,提供更全面、更准确、更实时的土壤监测数据[
2000—2019年间,我国土壤环境监测装备领域技术发展呈突破式发展,该技术处于生命周期的发展期。全球土壤环境监测装备的技术主要集中在G01N领域,中国在G01N技术领域的专利呈现持续快速增加的趋势。近年来,技术研发的趋势表现为监测指标从传统的土壤肥力指标向污染物和生物指标拓展,便携式、智能化的原位监测装备受青睐,定性与定量结合的检测装备也得到关注。我国排名TOP10的土壤环境监测装备专利申请人均为高校和科研院所,缺乏具有自主创新能力的企业,成果的转化效率较低,亟需加强产学研用联合攻关及合作研发,突破土壤环境监测关键技术,构建技术先进、性能可靠、高精度、多尺度的土壤监测装备与体系,实现我国土壤环境质量的高精度监测与精细化管理。
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