TRXB土壤学报Acta Pedologica Sinica0564-3929土壤学报编辑部中国南京trxb-57-4-78310.11766/trxb202002220064S154.4A新视角与前沿Insights and Perspectives土壤健康与农业绿色发展:机遇与对策Soil Health and Agriculture Green Development:Opportunities and Challenges张俊伶ZHANGJunling
Agriculture green development (AGD) is the future for modern agriculture, and soil health is the cornerstone of AGD. This article summarized the connotation, research progress and trend of soil health in domestic and overseas. By summarizing the main management strategies for healthy soil cultivation, this paper puts forward novel ideas and approaches for promoting soil health, and discusses the challenges and opportunities for soil health engineering. The cores for the promotion of healthy soils are; eliminating the limiting factors of soils; increasing the content of soil organic carbon and nutrient use efficiency; exploiting the biological potentials; promoting synergistic interactions between above-ground and below-ground. The aim of soil health engineering is to synergize the production and other ecosystem services delivered by soils by optimizing the internal regulatory processes whilst minimizing the external inputs. The cultivation of healthy soil needs holistic engineering, which requires comprehensive integration of whole industry chain in the nexus of external input, crop production, products-processing, and waste recycling. Meanwhile, cross-disciplinary innovation, government-farmer-research-extension institute collaboration, and policy support and incentive systems are crucial for realizing soil health towards AGD.
土壤健康农业绿色发展障碍因子生物强化生态系统多功能Soil healthAgriculture green developmentLimiting factorsBiofortificationEcosystem multifunctionality国家重点研发计划项目2016YFE0101100北京市科技支撑乡村振兴项目Z191100004019013北京高校高精尖学科建设项目国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFE0101100)、北京市科技支撑乡村振兴项目(Z191100004019013)和北京高校高精尖学科建设项目资助the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFE0101100the Science and Technology Supports Rural Revitalization Project in BeijingZ191100004019013the Beijing University Advanced Discipline Construction ProjectSupported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No. 2016YFE0101100), the Science and Technology Supports Rural Revitalization Project in Beijing(No. Z191100004019013) and the Beijing University Advanced Discipline Construction Project
土壤各组成成分复杂,各组分之间在不同时空维度上也存在多种互作,这些均为衡量和评价土壤生态系统服务带来了严峻的挑战[18]。长期以来,人们一直致力于筛选土壤质量(健康)评价指标,并完善评价方法。土壤健康是一个综合量度,评价的指标包括土壤静态(自然属性)和动态指标。土壤静态指标主要受成土过程的影响;动态指标则对管理措施较为敏感,通常作为筛选的对象。土壤健康程度的判定标准,在于土壤是否充分发挥了其功能,如果发挥了功能就认为是高质量的,反之,则存在着障碍因素或者土壤质量低。现在人们认识到土壤具有多功能性,不同功能之间存在权衡和协同互作。由于土壤具有多相性和多功能性,因此衡量土壤健康(质量)状况不可能使用单一的指标和方法,也无法一直通用一个标准,所以土壤健康的评价具有目标性、相对性和实效性。通常,人们从众多的土壤定性和定量指标中筛选出最小数据集(Minimum Data Set,MDS),用来评价土壤质量[15-16]。测定指标涉及物理、化学和生物指标三个方面,目前许多评价体系多采用理化指标,涉及的生物指标不多。常用的物理指标包括土壤水分、容重、土壤质地、团聚体、土层深度、穿透力、导水率、孔隙度、渗透力等。化学指标包括有机质、pH、有效养分、重金属,中量元素含量,含盐量等[36]。近年来,生物学指标正处于快速发展阶段。土壤生物直接参与土壤过程,深刻影响土壤生态系统服务,因此生物学指标被认为是对管理更为敏感的指标。除常用的微生物碳和氮、可矿化氮等外,土壤生物多样性、功能基因表达、酶学方法、代谢组和转录组以及一些指示生物(如菌根真菌、线虫、蚯蚓等)检测也得到快速发展。土壤生物是否消失,土壤生物的数量、活性、生理或行为的变化均可能反映土壤健康情况,但由于土壤生物种类多、数量大、变化快,且在一定程度上存在功能冗余性,这些均为定量化生物指标带来了困难。在这方面欧盟国家已进行了大量的探索,开展了对生物指标的筛选工作[37-38]。图 1列举了土壤质量(健康)指标、工具和评价体系的发展过程,探索新指标和评价工具和方法是未来的发展态势。
土壤质量(健康)评价的目标、工具和方法汇总(改自Bünemann等[36])
Main objectives, tools and approaches of soil quality assessment through history(Modified from Bünemann et al.[36])
考虑到土壤类型和管理方式的多样性,并且各个测定指标的度量也不同,因此需要建立一个综合评价体系,将各种指标进行系统整合,计算出土壤健康(质量)的综合指标。鉴于目前土壤学界已普遍接受土壤健康可以与土壤质量术语相互替代,因此可以借鉴土壤学家建立的土壤质量指数法(Soil Quality Index,SQI)[16],建立土壤健康指数法(Soil Health Index,SHI),其中发展较为系统的是康奈尔土壤健康评价体系。评估的方法有静态评价方法,如多变量指标克里格法、土壤质量综合指数评分法和土壤相对质量法,也有动态评价方法,如土壤质量动力学方法等。许多国家利用土壤质量监测网和健康测试对土壤质量、食品安全和环境安全进行了评估。例如,土壤管理评估框架(Soil Management Assessment Framework,简称SMAF)[39]、康奈尔土壤健康综合评价(Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health,CASH),以及基于生态系统服务的评价方法[40]等。总之,土壤健康需结合土壤管理目标,从生态学视角展开研究,还需深入理解土壤生物驱动的代谢过程,建立大数据平台,借助一些新技术和手段逐步完善和发展土壤健康体系。
农产品品质与人体健康
土壤健康直接影响人体健康。农产品的数量和质量尤其是后者与人体健康密切相关。健康土壤还能降低或者消纳土壤中有毒和有害物质,避免土壤中致病微生物对人体健康的危害。此外,土壤还是抗生素类物质和一些次生代谢物的来源[41]。早在1948年研究者Balfour[42]就提出“有活力的土壤(The Living Soil)”,明确指出土壤生命力和人类健康的重要性。作者观察到化学品的大量投入导致农产品产量提高的同时,品质和口感明显下降;同时,畜禽容易感病,人体健康也遭受巨大的威胁,因此提出了土壤-畜禽-人体健康是一个整体的观点。1990年Reganold等[43]学者提出土壤是一个复杂的、有活力的但很脆弱的体系,应加以保护和滋养才能保持土壤的可持续生产力和稳定性。近年来,土壤污染和农产品质量安全事件频发,人们已经深刻认识到过量和不合理使用化学品的负面效应,只有培育健康土壤才能保证食品安全和人类的健康。一方面,营养健康与土壤健康密切相关。据FAO统计,全世界有近20亿人口处于营养缺乏状态,其中包括微量元素缺乏症,又被称为“隐形杀手”,且一些经济不发达国家和地区铁、锌、硒等微量元素已成为营养不良的首要问题,在妇女和儿童身上表现更为突出[44-45]。另一方面,农产品中有害有毒物质如农药残留和重金属等,对人体健康造成极大的威胁。以抗生素的使用为例,我国是世界上抗生素最大的生产国和消费国,每年生产的抗生素近一半用于畜牧养殖业。因此,动物粪便成为土壤抗生素和抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)的重要来源。有研究表明,长期施用猪粪后,土壤中抗生素抗性基因的丰度显著增加。同时,抗生素抗性基因可以通过水平基因转移被土壤微生物获取,导致微生物耐药性的扩散,携带抗生素抗性基因的微生物会进一步在环境中繁殖,并有可能传播给病原菌,影响人类健康[46-47]。因此如何生产腐熟物质和施用有机肥(尤其是动物源有机肥)对减低土壤抗生素抗性基因的丰度和提升土壤健康意义重大。
一些研究者认为,土壤生物数量及其活动能敏感地反映出土壤健康和人类管理的变化过程,可以用作土壤变化的早期预警生态指示。如澳大利亚学者Pankhurst等[49]提出了表征土壤健康的生物指标体系,主要包括微生物量、土壤微生物、病原菌、大中型土壤动物区系、土壤酶和植物等。欧盟的EcoFinders(Ecological Function and Biodiversity Indicators in European Soils)项目也努力挖掘能综合反映土壤健康的生物指标,包括土壤生物多样性、群落结构、功能基因表达等[37-38]。生物指标在土壤健康评价中有独特的优势,但也存在一些问题,包括采集样品的代表性、测定成本以及与土壤功能的相关性等。随着土壤生物多样性和食物网研究的迅速发展,尤其是分子生物学和生物信息学技术手段的不断进步,基于基因组、转录组、代谢组和蛋白组学技术的发展极大地推动了土壤生物多样性和功能的研究。
为了更好地评价和管理土壤生态系统服务功能,科学家试图建立生态系统服务的框架,将整个生态系统服务过程联系在一起,并用来支持政策以及决策的建立。其中欧盟在1998年提出的DPSIR(Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response)框架应用较为广泛(图 2)[60]。Turner和Daily[61]提供的框架包括问题识别、评估、政策制定、能力建设和重新评估。欧盟FP7资助的开放项目试图通过强调土壤功能特征,建立生态系统服务层级框架,将生态系统服务和自然资本的概念应用于土地、水和城市的管理与决策[62]。在欧盟FP7计划的基础上,RECARE(Preventing and Remediating Degradation of Soils in Europe through Land Care)提出了一个适用的框架,以评估土壤威胁和预防及修复措施对生态系统服务的影响[63-64]。Schulte等[58]提出了功能土地管理(Functional Land Management,简称FLM)的概念,主要是依据欧盟对环境的政策需求,来权衡和协同土壤的主要功能。
土壤DPSIR框架图(改自Brussaard等[60])
The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework applied to soil. Modified from Brussaard et al. [60]
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