曹开勋(1996—),男,安徽宣城人,硕士研究生,主要从事农田温室气体排放研究。E-mail:
水肥管理对农田土壤肥力质量和环境质量有重要影响。依托安徽科技学院长期定位试验小区,通过设置两种灌溉模式(控制灌溉C1和常规灌溉C2)以及三个施氮水平(低氮N1、中氮N2和高氮N3),研究水氮互作对稻田温室气体CH4、N2O和CO2排放及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,与常规灌溉相比,控制灌溉可显著降低稻田中的CH4和N2O的累计排放量,降幅分别为43.12%和23.53%;常规灌溉条件下,低、中、高施氮处理的土壤铵态氮含量分别为35.26、38.90和35.20 mg·kg–1,而控制灌溉分别为33.08、34.30和42.40 mg·kg–1;控制灌溉条件下,CO2排放量高于常规灌溉,且随施氮水平的提高而增加。根据总体温室效应分析,控制灌溉下稻田的全球增温潜势(global warming potential,GWP)为0.55 t·hm–2(以CO2当量计),远低于常规灌溉下稻田0.82 t·hm–2,且中氮处理下稻田的GWP远低于低氮和高氮处理。水氮耦合是稻田N2O排放的主要影响因素,且在中、高氮施肥条件下,稻田N2O排放对于温室效应的贡献大于CH4。因此,采用控制灌溉结合氮肥减量施用,可有效减少农田温室气体CH4和N2O的排放,维持较高的土壤铵态氮水平,这对提高土壤肥力质量和发展可持续农业具有重要意义。
In order to study the effects of water management-nitrogen fertilizer on greenhouse gas(CH4, N2O and CO2)emission and soil physicochemical properties.
Two irrigation modes including controlled irrigation(C1)and normal irrigation(C2), and three nitrogen application levels(low nitrogen, N1; medium nitrogen, N2 and high nitrogen, N3)were set up under a long-term pilot plot.
The results showed that compared with normal irrigation, controlled irrigation significantly reduced the cumulative emissions of CH4 and N2O by 43.12% and 23.53%, respectively. Under normal irrigation, the contents of soil ammonium nitrogen in low nitrogen, medium nitrogen and high nitrogen treatments were 35.26, 38.90 and 35.20 mg·kg–1, respectively, while those under controlled irrigation were 33.08, 34.30 and 42.40 mg·kg–1, respectively. Under the condition of controlled irrigation, CO2 emission was higher than that of conventional irrigation and increased with the increase of nitrogen application level. According to the overall analysis of the Greenhouse Effect, the GWP(global warming potential)of 0.55 t·hm–2 under controlled irrigation was much lower than that of 0.82 t·hm–2, under conventional irrigation, while the GWP of 0.65 t·hm–2 under N2 treatment was much lower than that of 0.74 t·hm–2 under N1 treatment and 0.67 t·hm–2 under N3 treatment. The coupling of water and nitrogen was the main factor affecting N2O emission from the paddy field, and under medium and high concentration of nitrogen application, the contribution of N2O emission from the paddy field to the Greenhouse Effect was greater than that of CH4.
Therefore, the application of controlled irrigation combined with reduced nitrogen fertilizer can effectively decrease the emissions of greenhouse gases, maintain a high level of soil ammonium nitrogen in paddy soil, which is of great significance for improving soil fertility quality and developing sustainable agriculture.
近年来随着人类活动产生的温室气体增加,温室效应日渐明显,全球气温随之不断攀升,这已成为当今人类面临的一个重大挑战。大气中温室气体主要有CO2、CH4和N2O,对温室效应的贡献率近80%[
水分管理与氮肥施用影响水稻产量,同时也是影响稻田温室气体排放的重要因素[
本研究依托安徽科技学院长期定位试验小区,开展水稻不同生育期土壤理化性质和温室气体排放动态监测,旨在阐明水氮互作对稻田温室气体排放、增温潜势和土壤肥力质量的影响,为验证农田生态系统温室气体排放影响的模型提供基础数据,为稻田土壤节水灌溉和肥料减施提供科学依据。
试验在华北平原南部安徽科技学院植物园(32°86′N,117°4′E)进行。该地区属亚热带季风气候,2019年降水量约745.9 mm,年平均气温14.9℃试验小区土壤类型为潴育型水稻土,耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤基本理化性质为:土壤pH7.91,有机质9.87 g·kg–1,全氮0.94 g·kg–1,全磷0.19 g·kg–1,全钾10.31 g·kg–1,有效氮68.12 mg∙kg–1,有效磷32.81 mg·kg–1,速效钾64.93 mg·kg–1。试验小区一直实行水稻-小麦水旱轮作。
在氮肥施用量为基肥︰分蘖肥︰穗肥=5︰2︰3的基础上,设计低、中、高三种施氮处理(氮肥尿素,含氮460 g·kg–1),即N1(90 kg· hm–2(以N计,下同))、N2(180 kg·hm–2)和N3(270 kg·hm–2);配施过磷酸钙(含P2O5 120 g·kg–1)和氯化钾(含K2O 600 g·kg–1)两种肥料,施用量分别为75 kg·hm–2和150 kg·hm–2。供试水稻品种为“冈优527号”,田间试验于6月28日移栽,10月28日收获,分蘖肥和穗肥分别于7月10日和8月5日撒施。此外,设置控制灌溉(C1)和常规灌溉(C2)两个灌溉处理,不同处理土壤水分设计如
水稻不同灌溉模式的土壤水分调节标准
The standard for soil moisture regulation under different rice irrigation modes
灌溉模式 |
返青期 |
分蘖期 |
拔节孕穗期 |
抽穗扬花期 |
乳熟期 |
黄熟期 |
注:C1,控制灌溉;C2,常规灌溉。下同。Note:C1,Control irrigation;C2,Conventional irrigation. The same below. | ||||||
C1 | 10~20 mm | 80%~100%的土壤饱和含水量~20 mm | 80%~100%的土壤饱和含水量~20 mm | 80%的土壤饱和含水量~20 mm | 70%的土壤饱和含水量~20 mm | 自然落干 |
C2 | 10~60 mm | 10~60 mm | 10~60 mm | 10~60 mm | 10~60 mm | 自然落干 |
于水稻分蘖期用抖动法采集每个小区的根际土壤样品[
在水稻移栽前,在每个小区内固定安装一个聚氯乙烯(PVC)通量环,采用静态箱法进行人工采集气体,每5~6天一次,采集时间为上午8:00至10:00,将气室放置于预先固定的项圈上0、5和10 min后,用60 mL注射器从气室顶空采集气体样本。在气相色谱仪分析之前,将气体样品储存于注射器中,然后再储存在真空小瓶中。样品采集后1 d内,使用配备电子捕获检测器(ECD)和火焰离子化检测器(FID)的气相色谱仪(Agilent 7890A,Gow Mac Instrument Company,Bethlehem,PA,美国)同时分析CO2、N2O和CH4。用连续样品温室气体浓度的线性回归斜率计算气体流量。线性回归值
CO2、N2O和CH4排放通量计算:
式中,
CO2、N2O和CH4累积排放量计算:
式中,
pH利用玻璃电极酸度计(FiveEasy FE20,瑞士)按土水比1:2.5(W:V)测定;土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮的测定采用氯化钙浸提—流动分析仪(SKALAR San + +,荷兰)进行;其他土壤理化性质的测定参照《土壤农化分析》[
采用Microsoft Excel 2019进行数据整理和作图,应用IBM SPSS Statistics 25软件进行方差分析(ANOVA),差异显著水平通过最小显著差异法(LSD)进行检验(
如
控制灌溉(a)和常规灌溉(b)条件下CH4排放通量及CH4累计排放量(c)
CH4 Emission fluxes under controlled irrigation(a), normal irrigation(b)condition and cumulative CH4 emissions(c)
与CH4的排放通量类似,N2O的排放与施氮量的变化趋势一致(
控制灌溉(a)和常规灌溉(b)条件下N2O排放通量及N2O累计排放量(c)
N2O Emission fluxes under controlled irrigation(a)and normal irrigation(b)condition and cumulative N2O emissions(c)
由
两种灌溉模式和三种施氮水平下稻田CO2、CH4和N2O的累计排放量及增温潜势
Global warming potentials and cumulative emission of CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from tested soil under two irrigation modes and three nitrogen application rates
项目名称 |
CO2 EC/ |
CH4 EC/ |
N2O EC/ |
增温潜势 |
总体增温潜势Total GWP/ |
|||
CH4 | N2O | |||||||
注:CO2 EC,CO2累计排放量;CH4 EC,CH4累计排放量;N2O EC,N2O累计排放量;NA,施氮量对水稻产量及产量构成的影响;IR,灌溉模式对水稻产量及产量构成的影响;NA*IR,水氮互作对水稻产量及产量构成的影响;NS表示不显著。下同。Note:CO2 EC,CO2 cumulative emission;CH4 EC,CH4 cumulative emission;N2O EC,N2O cumulative emission;NA,Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Rice Yield and Yield Components;IR,Effects of Irrigation patterns on yield and yield components of Rice;NA×IR,Effects of interaction of Water and nitrogen on yield and yield components of Rice;NS means not significant.The same below. | ||||||||
N1 | 812.2±27.4b | 16.06±4.35a | 1.13±0.15c | 0.40±0.11a | 0.34±0.05c | 0.74±0.15a | ||
N2 | 867.7±33.3a | 11.33±3.21b | 1.24±0.18b | 0.28±0.08b | 0.37±0.05b | 0.65±0.13c | ||
N3 | 869.3±39.3a | 11.30±4.35b | 1.29±0.20a | 0.28±0.10b | 0.39±0.05a | 0.67±0.16b | ||
C1 | 879.4±33.6a | 9.34±2.10b | 1.06±0.05a | 0.23±0.05b | 0.31±0.02a | 0.54±0.04b | ||
C2 | 820.1±24.6b | 16.45±2.71a | 1.38±0.09b | 0.41±0.07a | 0.41±0.03b | 0.82±0.05a | ||
方差分析(ANOVA |
||||||||
NA | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
IR | < 0.001 | < 0.05 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
NA×IR | NS | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 |
如
控制灌溉(a)和常规灌溉(b)条件下CO2排放通量及CO2累计排放量(c)
CO2 Emission fluxes under controlled irrigation(a)and normal irrigation(b)condition and cumulative CO2 emissions(c)
稻田温室气体(CH4及N2O)的排放对全球变暖起到重要作用,CH4和N2O的GWP如
从
不同灌溉模式和施氮量对稻田土壤理化性质的影响
Effects of different irrigation modes and nitrogen application rates on physicochemical properties of paddy soil
处理 |
pH | OM/ |
TN/ |
NO3–-N/ |
NH4+-N/ |
注:OM,有机质;TN,全氮;NO3–-N,硝态氮;NH4+-N,铵态氮。下同。Note:OM,Organic matter;TN,Total nitrogen;NO3–-N,nitrate nitrogen;NH4+-N,ammonium nitrogen;The same below. | |||||
C1N1 | 7.21±0.07a | 8.35±0.67a | 1.24±0.09b | 7.20±0.72ab | 33.08±1.71b |
C1N2 | 7.13±0.15a | 8.11±1.08a | 1.33±0.04bc | 7.10±0.25ab | 34.30±7.74ab |
C1N3 | 7.07±0.16a | 8.26±1.32a | 1.60±0.13a | 7.89±0.14a | 42.40±2.67a |
C2N1 | 6.99±0.17a | 8.25±0.79a | 1.18±0.07c | 6.71±0.35b | 35.26±4.40ab |
C2N2 | 7.18±0.06a | 8.44±0.38a | 1.38±0.07b | 7.54±0.24ab | 38.90±5.56ab |
C2N3 | 7.15±0.03a | 8.67±0.29a | 1.59±0.17a | 7.97±0.33a | 35.20±2.94ab |
全氮含量随施氮量的增加变化显著,控制灌溉与常规灌溉仅在N1处理下对全氮含量表现出差异,C1N1与C1N2处理下的全氮含量分别为1.24 g∙kg–1和1.18 g∙kg–1。随着施氮量增加,全氮含量分别增加至N2处理的1.33 g∙kg–1、1.60 g∙kg–1和N3处理的1.38 g∙kg–1和1.59 g∙kg–1。控制灌溉下N3处理的硝态氮和铵态氮与其他施氮处理均有显著差异,而常规灌溉中N3与N1施氮水平对土壤硝态氮产生显著影响。
各指标之间的斯皮尔曼相关性分析结果如
温室气体与土壤理化性质的相关系数
Correlation coefficient between greenhouse gases and soil physicochemical properties
pH | OM | NO3––N | NH4+–N | TN | N2O CE | CH4 CE | CO2 CE | |
pH | 1.000 | 0.017 | 0.292 | 0.043 | 0.171 | –0.058 | –0.140 | 0.167 |
OM | 1.000 | –0.154 | –0.096 | 0.001 | 0.24 | 0.348 | –0.373 | |
NO3––N | 1.000 | 0.461 | 0.622** | 0.298 | –0.280 | 0.302 | ||
NH4+–N | 1.000 | 0.296 | 0.133 | –0.267 | 0.401* | |||
TN | 1.000 | 0.393 | –0.263 | 0.426* | ||||
N2O CE | 1.000 | –0.600** | –0.319 | |||||
CH4 CE | 1.000 | –0.860** | ||||||
CO2CE | 1.000 |
水肥管理对水稻土温室气体排放和土壤理化性质的影响既是相互促进,又是相互制约的,但其相互作用的效果还未明确。过去水肥对水稻温室气体和土壤理化性质影响的相关研究,多集中于水肥因素对水稻产量和肥料利用方面,农田水肥耦合效应对温室气体排放和土壤理化性质的研究不多,缺少综合性和长时间的水氮互作影响试验研究。
本研究从水分管理和施氮水平的角度探讨其对温室气体和土壤理化性质的影响,结果表明控制灌溉较常规灌溉下的CH4排放总量降低43.12%(
N2O排放通量表现与CH4类似,主要集中在生育初期和分蘖盛期,控制灌溉下N2O排放量明显低于常规灌溉(
CO2主要来源于土壤中生物的新陈代谢,由于不同灌溉方式下的土壤通气状况不同,造成土壤中的溶解氧及其在土壤孔隙中的扩散速率产生差异,进而导致CO2排放存在差异[
与常规灌溉相比,控制灌溉方式对稻田土壤的全球净增温潜势(GWP)平均降低了32.93%(
氮肥在保障高产优质水稻的同时,也影响着农田温室气体的排放。但过量施肥导致肥料利用率低下,致使土壤污染加重,硝态氮淋溶增强,对周围环境造成极大威胁。而施氮处理对稻田GWP的影响表现为:N1、N3、N2处理下GWP逐渐下降(
与常规灌溉相比,控制灌溉可提高高氮处理下的土壤铵态氮含量,且随着氮肥施用量的增加,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和全氮均维持在较高水平(
本研究基于长期定位试验小区,较为系统地研究了水稻不同生育期温室气体排放量的动态变化,表明通过减少一定的氮肥施用量配合节水灌溉,能够有效减少农业源温室气体CH4和N2O的排放量。
控制灌溉能够明显降低CH4和N2O排放总量,增加CO2排放总量;氮肥对温室气体排放量的影响随肥料用量、温室气体种类不同而变化,即低量氮肥施用条件下CH4是主要的温室气体,而N2O排放总量随氮肥施用量增加而增加,低量氮施用条件下CO2排放总量显著减少。总体而言,温室气体总体增温潜势在控制灌溉和中量氮肥施用条件下明显减少,因此,控制灌溉配合氮肥减施是降低稻田源温室气体的有效方式,有利于缓解农业面源污染带来的环境风险,对于促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义。
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