丁世杰(1988—),男,河南漯河人,博士,主要从事土壤地力提升研究。E-mail:
耕层厚度是影响土壤肥力的重要因素之一,但其对潮土中化肥氮素转化的影响尚不清楚。利用田间土柱模拟试验,采用15N示踪技术,探究在不同耕层厚度处理下,化肥氮在3种质地潮土0~40 cm土层中有机氮、无机氮与固定态铵库中的动态变化以及作物对化肥氮的吸收利用。结果表明:耕层厚度显著影响化肥氮在土壤不同氮库中的转化及其在土壤-作物系统中的去向,且在不同质地潮土中的作用效果一致。在不同质地潮土中,残留于土壤中的化肥氮83%以上以有机氮的形式存在,影响化肥氮的保蓄与供给。增加耕层厚度虽然降低了化肥氮向固定态铵库的转化,但提高了0~40 cm土层中的肥料来源有机氮储量,尤其是在施肥当季,耕层厚度25 cm(PLT-25)处理下的肥料来源有机氮储量平均较耕层厚度15 cm(PLT-15)处理提高8.9%。增加耕层厚度显著(
Soil fertility is significantly influenced by plough layer thickness. However, it is still not clear how the transformation and fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) in fluvo-aquic soils would be affected by plough layer thickness.
In this study, a soil column simulation experiment in the field was conducted throughout three crop cultivations. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with six treatments including two plough layer thicknesses (15 and 25 cm) and three soil textures (sandy loam, sandy clay loam and loamy clay). A 15N-labeled tracer technique was used to evaluate the dynamics of fertilizer-derived organic N, fixed NH4+ and mineral N in 0~40 cm soil layer and the fate of fertilizer N in soil-crop systems.
The transformation of fertilizer N in soil-crop systems was significantly affected by plough layer thickness, and showed the same varying tendency among different textural soils. The residual fertilizer N existed mainly in the form of organic N, which accounted for more than 83% of the total residual fertilizer N and played a pivotal role in the storage and supply of fertilizer N. Increasing plough layer thickness degraded the conversion of fertilizer N to fixed NH4+ pool, while increased the stocks of fertilizer-derived organic N in 0~40 cm soil layer. In the current season after fertilizer N was applied, the average value of fertilizer-derived organic N stock in soils with 25 cm plough layer thickness (PLT-25) was averagely 8.9% higher than that in soils with 15 cm plough layer thickness (PLT-15). The stocks of fertilizer-derived mineral N under PLT-25 treatments were also higher than that under PLT-15 treatments in the current and subsequent crop cultivations; promoting the fertilizer N uptake by crops. The N use efficiency under PLT-25 treatments in the first two crop cultivations was about 8.0% higher than that of PLT-15 treatments, while the current seasonal loss rate and cumulative loss rate of fertilizer N were 12.3% and 9.1% lower, respectively. The stocks of fertilizer-derived organic N in sandy clay loam and loamy clay were significantly (
The fluvo-aquic soils with higher sand content have lower fertilizer N storage capacity, restricting the enhancing of N use efficiency. For fluvo-aquic soils with different textures, increasing plough layer thickness could improve the annual N use efficiency and the residual amount of applied fertilizer N in the current season. This, could be released for crop uptake in the subsequent crop cultivation. In typical fluvo-aquic soil areas, increasing the plough layer thickness may be a potential means for regulating the transformation and fate of applied fertilizer N, increasing fertilizer N retention, enhancing the fertilizer N uptake by crops and minimizing fertilizer N loss in soil-crop systems.
耕层是作物根系分布与吸收养分的主要层次,良好的耕层结构对作物生长及产量形成至关重要,决定着土地的生产能力[
耕层厚度主要受耕作方式的影响,其在调控土壤团聚结构形成、水肥保蓄与作物生长等方面发挥着重要作用[
土壤质地也是影响土壤氮素保蓄与释放的重要因素之一[
氮肥施入土壤后在土壤生物化学过程的驱动下转化为有机氮、无机氮、固定态铵等不同形态,影响着氮肥的保蓄与供给[
田间土柱模拟试验位于中国科学院封丘农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站(35°00′N,114°24′E)。该地区气候类型为半干旱半湿润的暖温带大陆性季风气候,年均降水量为615 mm,年均气温13.9℃。种植制度以冬小麦-夏玉米为主。
本研究供试土壤为潮土,于2017年5月分别选取河南省封丘县境内0~40 cm土层土壤质地分别为砂壤土、砂黏壤土与壤黏土(按国际制)农田,分耕层(0-20 cm)与亚耕层(20-40 cm)采集土壤,风干后过2 mm筛,剔除根系与石砾后用于田间土柱模拟试验的填装。同时测定各层土壤容重作为装填土柱的依据。土柱装填前,将试验地中直径为40 cm、深度为40 cm的土体取出,置入内径为39 cm,高为50 cm的聚氯乙烯(PVC)管,然后根据设计的耕层厚度将采集的土壤样品分亚耕层与耕层依次填装于PVC管中,土柱埋深40 cm。各处理土柱耕层土壤填装容重为1.35 g·cm–3,亚耕层土壤填装容重为1.55 g·cm–3,土柱不封底。采用完全随机设计,包含土壤质地和耕层厚度2种试验因子,其中土壤质地包括砂壤土、砂黏壤土和壤黏土;耕层厚度为15 cm(PLT-15)和25 cm(PLT-25)两种,共6个处理,每处理3次重复。土柱模拟试验田间排列与土柱设计如
土柱田间排列(a)及不同耕层厚度处理实验设计(b)示意图
Field arrangement (a) and experimental design of the soil columns with different plough layer thickness (b)
15N标记试验于2018年10月至2020年6月作物生长季内进行,供试土壤理化性质和矿物组成见
试验开始前0~40 cm土层的土壤基础理化性质(2018年10月)
Basic soil properties of the tested soils before the experiment(Oct. 2018)
处理 Treatment | 土壤颗粒组成 |
有机质 |
全氮 |
碱解氮 |
速效磷 |
速效钾 |
||||
砂粒 |
粉粒 |
黏粒 |
/(g·kg–1) | /(mg·kg–1) | ||||||
/% | ||||||||||
注:土壤颗粒组成采用激光粒度仪法测定。Note:Soil particle composition was measured by the laser particle size analysis method. | ||||||||||
耕层 Plough layer | ||||||||||
砂壤土 Sandy loam | 77.7 | 10.9 | 8.6 | 12.7 | 0.58 | 60.7 | 18.4 | 221.8 | ||
砂黏壤土 Sandy clay loam | 59.4 | 15.7 | 22.1 | 15.1 | 0.79 | 80.5 | 15.5 | 264.4 | ||
壤黏土 Loamy clay | 45.9 | 21.6 | 29.9 | 21.9 | 1.04 | 84.4 | 16.5 | 379.3 | ||
亚耕层 Subsoil layer | ||||||||||
砂壤土 Sandy loam | 79.1 | 6.5 | 11.7 | 2.5 | 0.22 | 32.9 | 1.8 | 18.9 | ||
砂黏壤土 Sandy clay loam | 59.2 | 15.6 | 22.8 | 10.6 | 0.56 | 37.2 | 4.4 | 58.7 | ||
壤黏土 Loamy clay | 36.2 | 23.7 | 36.2 | 8.6 | 0.62 | 31.9 | 1.7 | 94.9 |
供试土壤矿物组成
Soil mineral composition of the tested soils/%
处理 | 蒙脱石 | 蛭石 | 水云母 | 闪石 | 高岭石 | 绿泥石 | 石英 | 长石 | 方解石 | 白云石 |
注:土壤矿物组成采用X射线衍射法测定。Note:Soil mineral composition was determined using X-ray diffraction techniques. | ||||||||||
Treatment | Montmorillonite | Vermiculite | Hydromica | Amphibole | Kaolinite | Chlorite | Quartz | Feldspar | Calcite | Dolomite |
耕层 Plough layer | ||||||||||
砂壤土 andy loam | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 39 | 42 | 3 | 2 |
砂黏壤土 Sandy clay loam | 1 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 10 | 11 | 29 | 24 | 6 | 5 |
壤黏土 Loamy clay | 5 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 15 | 13 | 27 | 17 | 6 | 3 |
亚耕层 Subsoil layer | ||||||||||
砂壤土 Sandy loam | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 23 | 41 | 3 | 3 |
砂黏壤土 Sandy clay loam | 2 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 30 | 26 | 6 | 4 |
壤黏土 Loamy clay | 10 | 3 | 13 | 0 | 15 | 16 | 21 | 11 | 9 | 2 |
分别于2019年6月4日冬小麦成熟期、2019年9月26日夏玉米成熟期与2020年6月3日冬小麦成熟期采集土壤与地上部植株样品。土壤样品分为耕层土壤与亚耕层土壤分别采集,用内径为1.9 cm、外径为2 cm的不锈钢土钻在每个PVC管中随机采集3钻组成一个混合土样。亚耕层土样采集后用直径为2 cm的尼龙棒将取样孔堵上,以防止耕层土壤落入亚耕层,以及水分、肥料通过取样孔流失。新鲜土壤过筛后分为2部分,一部分用于测定土壤含水量,无机氮(NH4+-N与NO3–-N)含量及其15N丰度;一部分风干后过0.15 mm筛,用于土壤全氮与固定态铵含量及其15N丰度的测定。采集的植株样品在65℃下烘干至恒重,粉碎后过0.25 mm筛,用于植株全氮与15N丰度的测定。所有土壤养分数据均以0~40 cm土层中总的储量来计算。
新鲜土壤用2 mol·L–1 KCl溶液浸提后用比色法测定土壤NH4+-N与NO3–-N含量[
利用Lu等[
土壤全氮(
式中,
肥料来源的无机氮(
15N标记化肥氮在土壤中的总残留量(
15N标记化肥氮在作物(PR-Ncrop,%)和土壤(PR-Nsoil,%)的回收率与损失率(PL-N,%):
采用Excel 2016进行数据处理与分析,使用Origin 2020软件进行数据作图。采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计分析,根据最小显著性差异法(LSD),采用单因素方差分析检验不同土壤质地之间的显著性差异;配对样本
从
不同耕层厚度与土壤质地处理下化肥氮在土壤-作物系统中的去向
Fate of applied fertilizer N in soil-crop systems under different plough layer thickness treatments in soils with different textures
经过3个作物生长季后不同处理下化肥氮的总体去向
The fate of fertilizer N under different treatments after three continuous crop cultivations
土壤中化肥氮的残留率 |
作物对化肥氮利用率 |
化肥氮损失率 |
|
注:不同小写字母表示在不同质地处理间差异显著( |
|||
砂壤土 Sandy loam | 14.7b | 43.1b | 42.4a |
砂黏壤土 Sandy clay loam | 17.0a | 47.9a | 35.7b |
壤黏土 Loamy clay | 16.5a | 47.9a | 35.1b |
耕层厚度 Plough layer thickness 15cm | 15.9 | 44.6 | 39.5* |
耕层厚度 Plough layer thickness 25cm | 16.1 | 48.0* | 35.9 |
两因素方差分析 Two-way ANOVA | |||
土壤质地 Soil texture(ST) | |||
耕层厚度 Plough layer thickness(PLT) | ns | ||
土壤质地×耕层厚度 ST×PLT | ns | ns | ns |
在前2个作物生长季,砂黏壤土与壤黏土处理下作物中化肥氮的回收率高于砂壤土,而在第3个作物生长季则是砂黏壤土中作物对化肥氮的回收率最高,砂壤土次之(
化肥氮在土壤中的残留量随作物生长季的延续逐渐降低(
在3个作物生长季内不同处理下0~40 cm土层中化肥氮的总残留量
The residual amount of fertilizer N/(g·Pot–1)in 0-40 cm layer under different treatments among three continuous crop cultivations
2019-06 | 2019-09 | 2020-06 | |
砂壤土 Sandy loam | 0.539c | 0.431c | 0.350b |
砂黏壤土 Sandy clay loam | 0.582b | 0.483a | 0.406a |
壤黏土 Loamy clay | 0.668a | 0.457b | 0.393a |
耕层厚度 Plough layer thickness 15cm | 0.580 | 0.447 | 0.381 |
耕层厚度 Plough layer thickness 25cm | 0.613** | 0.467* | 0.386 |
两因素方差分析Two-way ANOVA | |||
土壤质地 Soil texture(ST) | |||
耕层厚度 Plough layer thickness(PLT) | ns | ||
土壤质地×耕层厚度 ST×PLT | ns | ns | ns |
耕层厚度与土壤质地对0~40 cm土层中化肥来源有机氮、无机氮与固定态铵储量的影响
The effects of plough layer thickness and soil texture on the stocks of fertilizer-derived organic N, mineral N and fixed NH4+ in 0-40 cm soil layer among three continuous crop cultivations
从
增加耕层厚度会降低化肥氮向潮土固定态铵库中的转化。在施肥当季,PLT-25处理下不同质地潮土中肥料来源固定态铵储量的平均值为PLT-15处理下的47.8%,不同耕层厚度处理间的差异随作物种植季的增多而减小(
在不同质地潮土中,耕层厚度对化肥来源无机氮储量的影响在不同作物生长季的表现不同。在施肥当季,化肥来源无机氮储量的最大值与最小值分别出现在PLT-25处理下的砂壤土与砂黏壤土,为60.5 mg·Pot–1与39.1 mg·Pot–1,但总体而言,PLT-25处理下不同质地潮土中肥料来源无机氮储量显著(
残留在土壤中的化肥氮主要以有机氮的形式存在,随着作物种植季的增多,化肥来源有机氮的释放量逐渐降低(
化肥氮施入土壤后转化为有机氮、无机氮、固定态铵等不同形态的土壤氮,它们在氮素的保蓄与供给中发挥着不同的功能,其中有机氮与固定态铵可作为化肥氮的暂时贮存库,先将土壤中盈余的化肥氮进行固定,然后在有效氮不足时释放出来供作物吸收利用[
增加耕层厚度可提高化肥氮向不同质地潮土有机氮库的转化,提高肥料来源无机氮的供应。在施肥当季PLT-25处理下,不同质地潮土中的肥料来源有机氮储量均高于PLT-15处理(
固定态铵含量主要取决于土壤中伊利石、水云母、蛭石和蒙脱石等2:1型黏土矿物含量[
被作物吸收、残留于土壤中以及通过淋溶或气体挥发损失是化肥氮施入农田土壤后的3个基本去向[
砂粒含量高制约着化肥氮向有机氮的转化,导致砂壤土中化肥氮的总残留量始终低于砂黏壤土与壤黏土(
化肥氮施入潮土后主要以有机氮的形式存在,其在氮素保蓄与供给过程中发挥着重要作用。砂粒含量高不利于化肥来源有机氮的保蓄,制约着潮土对化肥氮的保蓄与供给能力的提升,增大了化肥氮的损失。在不同质地潮土中,增加耕层厚度均可显著提高化肥氮向有机氮库中的转化,增大肥料来源无机氮的供给,提高化肥氮的当季利用率,降低化肥氮的损失。化肥氮在有机氮库中的蓄积提高了化肥氮在土壤中的残留量,而残留于土壤中的化肥氮可为后茬作物持续提供有效氮,进一步提高作物对化肥氮的吸收利用。因此,提高耕层厚度、培育肥沃耕层可作为促进典型潮土区氮肥资源高效利用的有效措施。
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