李欢(1997—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤碳磷的环境效应研究。E-mail:
基于土壤磷储存容量的变化差异,准确评估与判断坡耕旱地与稻田红壤磷的剖面流失风险。以江西鹰潭孙家典型红壤小流域内位于坡上(T)、坡中(M)及坡下(B)的花生旱地(PU)及稻田(PF)各发生层土壤为对象,分析了各发生层土壤全磷(TP)、有效磷(Olsen-P)、磷饱和率(PSR)、磷吸持指数(phosphorus sorption index,PSI)及磷储存容量(Soil phosphorus storage capacity,SPSC)随剖面的变化特征及差异,估测了坡耕地红壤磷的剖面流失风险,探讨了土壤pH、Eh及容重(BD)等因子对坡耕地红壤发生层SPSC的影响差异。结果表明,不同坡位花生旱地与稻田红壤表层TP、Olsen-P含量均显著高于底层土壤,且稻田红壤TP与Olsen-P的剖面变异显著高于花生旱地剖面。与耕作表层(Ap1)相比,花生旱地底层土壤PSI显著增加了33.1%~146%,且随剖面深度增加而缓慢降低;而稻田红壤PSI则随着剖面深度增加而增大。花生旱地与稻田红壤(PF-M除外)PSR均随着剖面深度的增加而逐渐降低,SPSC变化范围分别为–89.2~298.3 mg·kg–1与–138.1~101.1 mg·kg–1。PU-T与PU-M剖面SPSC均为正值,且随剖面深度增加呈降低趋势;而PU-B(耕作层Ap2除外)剖面的SPSC均为负值。PF-T(氧化还原层Br2除外)、PF-M(Ap1除外)及PF-B剖面各发生层的SPSC均为负值,且随剖面深度增加变化显著。基于SPSC理论对坡耕红壤剖面土壤磷储量及其环境流失风险的评估,花生旱地土壤磷沿剖面及坡位的迁移与运移迹象明显,当土壤Olsen-P > 27.6 mg·kg–1时,花生旱地剖面土壤磷的流失风险将急剧增加,应及时采取管控措施。稻田红壤剖面各发生层均存在不同程度的磷流失风险,需立即停止施磷并及时采取有效措施。
The study aimed to assess and determine the P loss risk in red soil profiles of sloping upland and paddy fields based on the variation of soil phosphorus storage capacity (SPSC).
The soil samples were collected from different pedogenic horizons in peanut uplands and paddy fields which were located at the top, middle and bottom of the slope in Sunjia small watershed, Ying tan, Jiangxi province of China. The profile variation characteristics of total P(TP), soil available P(Olsen-P), P saturation rate (PSR), P sorption index (PSI) and SPSC of tested soils were analyzed. Also, the effects of soil total carbon, total nitrogen, iron-aluminum oxides, pH, Eh and bulk density (BD) on the P loss risk of red soil profiles at different slope positions were evaluated.
Soil TP and Olsen-P of the surface layer in peanut uplands and red paddy fields were significantly higher than those in the bottom layers and the profile variations of TP and Olsen-P in paddy fields were significantly higher than those in peanut uplands. Compared with the Ap1 layer, the PSI of peanut upland in the subsurface soils increased significantly by 33.1%~146%, and the PSI decreased with the increase of profile depth, but the PSI of paddy fields increased significantly with the increase of profile depth. The soil PSR of peanut upland and paddy field(except PF-M)decreased gradually with the increase of profile depth, while the variation ranges of SPSC were –89.2~298.3 mg·kg–1 and –138.1~101.1 mg·kg–1, respectively. The SPSC values of PU-T and PU-M were all positive, and they decreased with the increase of profile depth. Also, the SPSC value of all pedogenic horizons in PU-B(except Ap2)were all negative. The SPSC values of pedogenic horizons in PF-T (except Brs), PF-M (except Ap1), and PF-B were negative, and they changed significantly with the increase of profile depth.
Based on the assessment of soil phosphorus storage and its environmental loss risk in sloping red soil profiles by SPSC theory, the migration and transport signs of soil P in peanut upland along the profile and slope position are obvious. Once soil Olsen-P > 27.6 mg·kg–1, the risk of soil P loss in the peanut upland profiles will increase sharply, and control measures should be taken in time. The risk of P loss exists in each soil profile of the paddy fields, thus, proper management practices should be implemented during the application of P fertilizer.
基于磷饱和率(Phosphorus saturation ratio,PSR)理论建立的土壤磷储存容量(Soil phosphorus storage capacity,SPSC)的概念可以有效表征土壤在达到磷流失环境阈值前可继续容纳外源磷的容量及现存土壤磷的流失潜能与风险[
目前,对土壤磷流失损失的研究大多集中在表层土壤,而忽视了底层土壤的磷迁移与流失[
大量研究证明SPSC理论优于Olsen-P、PSR等指标,能有效评价土壤磷储量及其环境流失风险[
孙家典型红壤小流域观测站距鹰潭农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站(28°15'20''N,116°55'30'' E)约4 km,该小流域区域面积约为50.5 hm2,坡度小于8°,主要成土母质为第四纪红黏土。花生旱地与稻田是流域土地的主要利用方式,花生的种植期为每年的4月上旬至8月下旬;水稻种植以双季稻为主,分别在每年4月上旬与7月中旬种植。花生旱地及稻田的施肥量如
孙家小流域花生旱地与稻田的肥料施用量
Application amounts of fertilizers in peanut uplands and paddy fields of Sunjia small watershed
土地利用方式 |
施肥时间 |
氮N |
磷P2O5 |
钾K2O |
花生旱地 |
每年4月 | 28.4~43.8 | 16.7~25.0 | 19.7~31 |
每年6月 | 8.0~24.8 | 3.3~8.3 | 3.3~8.3 | |
稻田 |
每年4月 | 13.7~27.4 | 12.7~22.3 | 12.7~25.3 |
每年7月 | 6.4~16.1 | 1.7~6.7 | 1.7~6.7 |
2018年11月,在孙家小流域内按坡度变化分别选取地势较为平坦的花生旱地及稻田样地各三处,分别为坡上花生旱地(PU-T,20~30a)、坡中花生旱地(PU-M,20~30a)、坡下花生旱地(PU-B,20~30a)及坡上中期稻田(PF-T,50~60a)、坡中新稻田(PF-M,20~30a)、坡下老稻田(PF-B,400~500a)。在每个样地中心位置平整地表后,按长×宽为2 m×1 m标准挖土壤剖面至母质层(或出水层),并以向阳面作为观察面,垂直削平后观察土壤的颜色、质地、紧实度、结构等变化,以此划分出各发生层次并做好标记(
花生旱地和稻田土壤剖面发生层简述
A brief description of the pedogenic horizons in peanut uplands and paddy fields
土地利用方式 |
坡位(代号) |
利用年限 |
深度 |
发生层 |
剖面图 |
描述 |
花生旱地 |
坡上 |
20~30 | 0~15 | 耕作表层(Ap1) | 砖红色,团粒结构,土质松软 | |
15~30 | 耕作层2(Ap2) | 砖红色,弱块,土质疏松 | ||||
30~60 | 黏化层1(Bt1) | 砖红色,弱块,黏粒淀积较多 | ||||
60~90 | 黏化层2(Bt2) | 红棕色,中块,黏粒淀积较多 | ||||
90~120 | 母质层(C) | 红棕色,中块,土质紧实 | ||||
坡中 |
20~30 | 0~15 | 耕作表层(Ap1) | 砖红色,团粒结构,土质松软 | ||
15~30 | 耕作层2(Ap2) | 红棕色,弱块,土质疏松 | ||||
30~60 | 黏化层1(Bt1) | 红棕色,弱块,结构松散 | ||||
60~90 | 黏化层2Bt2 | 红棕色,中块,结构松散 | ||||
90~120 | 母质层C | 红棕色,中块,结构紧实 | ||||
坡下 |
20~30 | 0~15 | 耕作表层Ap1 | 砖红色,团粒结构,土质松软 | ||
15~30 | 耕作层2(Ap2) | 砖红色,弱块,土质疏松 | ||||
30~60 | 黏化层1(Bt1) | 砖红色,弱块,黏粒淀积较多 | ||||
60~90 | 黏化层2(Bt2) | 砖红色,中块,黏粒淀积较多 | ||||
90~120 | 母质层(C) | 砖红色,中块,有铁锰结合体 | ||||
稻田 |
坡上 |
50~60 | 0~20 | 水耕表层(Ap1) | 颜色偏暗黄,有明显的秸秆还原层 | |
20~25 | 犁底层(Ap2) | 暗锈色,结构坚硬 | ||||
25~50 | 氧化还原层1(Br1) | 红棕色,有大量铁结合 | ||||
50~60 | 氧化还原层2(Br2) | 深棕色,结构松散,大量锰结合 | ||||
60~100 | 氧化还原层3(Brs) | 深棕色,结构松散,大量铁、锰结合 | ||||
坡中 |
20~30 | 0~15 | 水耕表层(Ap1) | 颜色偏浅黄,土质疏松,有机质含量高 | ||
15~20 | 犁底层(Ap2) | 颜色偏黄棕色,土壤紧实 | ||||
20~40 | 氧化还原层1(Br1) | 砖红色,结构松散,有大量铁结合 | ||||
40~80 | 氧化还原层2(Br2) | 砖红色,结构松散,有大量锰结合 | ||||
80~120 | 母质层C | 红棕色,接近原始土壤状态 | ||||
坡下 |
> 200 | 0~15 | 水耕表层(Ap1) | 深灰色,土壤紧实 | ||
15~30 | 犁底层(Ap2) | 深棕色,结构坚硬 | ||||
30~60 | 氧化还原层1(Br) | 深棕色,结构松散,有铁结合 | ||||
60~100 | 氧化还原层2(Brs) | 深红棕色,网纹层,有铁、锰结合 |
土壤全磷(TP)采用硫酸-高氯酸(H2SO4-HClO4)消解,土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)采用盐酸氟化铵(0.025 M HCl + 0.03 M NH4F,pH = 2.7)法提取,土壤水溶性磷(CaCl2-P)采用0.01 mol·L–1 CaCl2溶液浸提(液土比为10︰1),消解液及提取液中的磷用钼锑抗比色法测定。土壤容重(BD)采用环刀法测定;土壤pH采用电位法测定(液土比为2.5︰1);全碳(TC)、土壤全氮(TN)及碳氮比(C/N)使用碳氮元素分析仪(Vario EL cube,Elementar,德国)测定。非晶质态铁铝氧化物(
花生旱地和稻田土壤剖面基本理化性质
Soil profile basic physical and chemical properties in peanut uplands and paddy fields
土地利用方式 |
发生层 |
pHKCl | C︰N | BD/ |
TC/ |
TN/ |
||||
注:C︰N为碳氮比;BD为土壤容重;TC为土壤全碳;TN为土壤全氮; |
||||||||||
花生旱地 |
Ap1 | 3.85e | 9.44a | 1.28b | 7.87a | 0.83a | 2.02bc | 3.55c | 36.0b | 11.8b |
Ap2 | 3.90d | 6.37b | 1.40a | 2.73b | 0.43b | 2.16ab | 4.14a | 41.6a | 12.8ab | |
Bt1 | 3.97c | 5.42c | 1.19c | 2.53b | 0.47b | 2.22ab | 4.10ab | 43.5a | 13.5a | |
Bt2 | 4.06a | 4.68cd | 1.30b | 2.17bc | 0.47b | 2.51a | 3.91b | 44.4a | 12.7ab | |
C | 4.01b | 4.09d | 1.29b | 1.68c | 0.41b | 1.71c | 3.22d | 44.6a | 11.9b | |
花生旱地 |
Ap1 | 3.90c | 9.07a | 1.44a | 8.17a | 0.90a | 1.76b | 3.53b | 38.0b | 11.3a |
Ap2 | 3.91bc | 6.03b | 1.40a | 3.23b | 0.53b | 2.13a | 3.95a | 42.5a | 11.9a | |
Bt1 | 3.94b | 4.47c | 1.18c | 2.20c | 0.50b | 2.31a | 3.95a | 41.5ab | 11.3a | |
Bt2 | 4.02a | 4.23c | 1.33b | 2.07c | 0.50b | 2.27a | 3.39b | 40.4ab | 10.2b | |
C | 4.01a | 3.83c | 1.41a | 1.69c | 0.44b | 1.49b | 3.00c | 41.8ab | 10.0b | |
花生旱地 |
Ap1 | 3.80c | 8.01a | 1.48a | 5.87a | 0.73a | 1.24a | 2.56abc | 32.4c | 8.44b |
Ap2 | 3.79c | 3.96b | 1.40b | 2.47b | 0.63bc | 1.18a | 2.74ab | 40.4c | 9.90a | |
Bt1 | 3.81c | 3.94b | 1.44ab | 1.93c | 0.50abc | 1.00a | 2.86a | 42.0b | 9.18ab | |
Bt2 | 3.88a | 3.93b | 1.48a | 1.37d | 0.37c | 0.93a | 2.36c | 46.5ab | 9.00ab | |
C | 3.84b | 3.07b | 1.47a | 1.34d | 0.46bc | 1.04a | 2.43bc | 48.1a | 8.94ab | |
稻田 |
Ap1 | 4.01c | 9.62a | 0.87c | 25.57a | 2.67a | 3.26a | 3.92b | 21.6c | 11.0c |
Ap2 | 4.32b | 8.79a | 1.38b | 7.97b | 0.90b | 1.89c | 3.22b | 55.2a | 15.5b | |
Br1 | 4.76a | 8.78a | 1.52a | 3.77c | 0.43c | 1.74c | 2.33b | 41.5b | 14.5b | |
Br2 | 4.72a | 7.89ab | 1.50a | 4.97c | 0.63bc | 2.45bc | 3.69b | 39.1b | 15.19b | |
Brs | 4.20b | 6.33b | 1.33b | 5.74bc | 0.91b | 3.06d | 5.39a | 50.6a | 21.8a | |
稻田 |
Ap1 | 4.06a | 8.87a | 1.11c | 9.73a | 1.10a | 5.42 a | 3.05a | 36.8ab | 10.4bc |
Ap2 | 4.09a | 8.69a | 1.69a | 4.93b | 0.57b | 4.22b | 2.42b | 39.6a | 11.2a | |
Br1 | 4.06a | 8.21a | 1.57a | 3.33bc | 0.40b | 1.52c | 2.51b | 34.3b | 11.2a | |
Br2 | 3.91b | 5.22b | 1.41b | 1.57c | 0.30b | 1.09cd | 2.62ab | 33.7b | 10.7ab | |
C | 3.84c | 4.17b | 1.46b | 1.23c | 0.32b | 0.65d | 1.75c | 40.8a | 9.81c | |
稻田 |
Ap1 | 4.02b | 9.60a | 1.27ab | 24.70a | 2.57a | 3.63a | 2.76b | 16.8d | 7.34c |
Ap2 | 4.00b | 9.55a | 1.56a | 6.97b | 0.73b | 3.64a | 2.36b | 43.6b | 14.1b | |
Br | 4.01b | 8.04b | 0.93b | 5.87b | 0.73b | 4.30a | 3.44a | 39.0c | 13.2b | |
Brs | 4.65a | 6.21c | 0.96b | 4.68b | 0.76b | 2.53b | 3.60a | 52.3a | 18.4a |
称取过2 mm筛的风干土1.00 g于三角瓶中(100 mL),然后加入0.2 mol·L–1的草酸铵提取液50 mL(pH = 3.17),用橡皮塞将瓶口塞紧后装入里红外黑的布袋里防止光化学反应,在室温(25 ± 2℃)条件下震荡2 h后,离心并过0.45 μm滤膜。使用电感耦合等离子光谱发生仪(ICP-OES)测定提取液中的铁(Fe)、铝(Al)及磷(P)含量。分别按式(1)和式(2)计算得到PSR与SPSC:
式(1)与式(2)中,POx、FeOx、AlOx为酸性草酸铵提取的磷、铁及铝的含量(mg·kg–1),31、56及27分别为磷、铁及铝的原子质量。
称取1.00 g过2 mm筛的风干土,置于50 mL离心管中,加入20 mL磷浓度为75 mg·L–1的0.01 mol·L–1 CaCl2溶液(磷的加入量为1.5 g·kg–1),同时加入2~3滴甲苯防止微生物活动。将离心管加盖并置于25 ± 2℃的室温下,用往复振荡仪振荡18 h后,离心过0.45 μm滤膜,滤液中的磷浓度(C)用钼锑抗比色法测定,并根据式(3)计算PSI:
式中,X为土壤磷吸附量(mg·kg–1),即加入磷的量减去滤液中磷的量;C为平衡溶液中磷的浓度(mg·L–1)。
使用Excel 2019软件进行数据计算,使用IBM SPSS Statistics 26软件进行数据统计与分析,采用Origin 2021软件进行绘图。
花生旱地与稻田红壤全磷(TP)含量剖面变化范围分别为0.14~0.42 g·kg–1及0.06~0.72 g·kg–1,且均随着剖面深度的增加而逐渐降低(
花生旱地(PU)与稻田(PF)全磷和有效磷的剖面变化
Profile changes of soil total P and available P in peanut upland(PU)and paddy field(PF)
花生旱地与稻田土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)含量也均随着剖面深度的增加而呈逐渐降低趋势,变化范围分别为11.7~56.4 mg·kg–1及31.9~59.9 mg·kg–1。与Ap1层相比,花生旱地与稻田红壤底层土壤的Olsen-P含量分别显著降低了24.3%~68.8%与9.4%~38.9%(
花生旱地与稻田红壤剖面的土壤磷吸持指数(PSI)变化范围分别为621~2156 mg·kg–1与561~1849 mg·kg–1,花生旱地剖面土壤PSI的大小变化顺序为:PU-B < PU-M < PU-T,而稻田红壤三个剖面间(除Brs层外)差异不显著,且稻田红壤剖面的PSI显著低于花生旱地剖面(
花生旱地(PU)与稻田(PF)土壤磷吸持指数的剖面变化
Profile changes of P sorption index in peanut upland(PU)and paddy field(PF)
花生旱地及稻田红壤剖面(除PF-M外)的PSR均随着剖面深度的增加而降低,Ap1层土壤PSR大小依次为:PU-T < PF-M < PU-M < PF-T < PU-B < PF-B(
花生旱地(PU)与稻田(PF)土壤磷饱和率的剖面变化
Profile changes of P saturation ratio in peanut upland(PU)and paddy field(PF)
土壤磷饱和率阈值(Threshold PSR)的确定是准确计算土壤磷储存容量(SPSC)的关键,即将土壤磷饱和率(PSR)与水溶性磷(CaCl2-P)进行分段线性拟合后获得的拐点值,即为Threshold PSR。由
花生旱地与稻田土壤磷饱和率阈值
Threshold P saturation ratio(Threshold PSR)of peanut upland and paddy field
基于Threshold PSR = 0.09计算了花生旱地与稻田红壤各发生层的SPSC值,由
花生旱地与稻田剖面的磷储存容量(SPSC)变化
Profile changes of soil phosphorus storage capacity(SPSC)in peanut upland and paddy field
相关分析表明,花生旱地剖面的SPSC与pH、Eh值分别呈显著正、负相关关系(
花生旱地与稻田基本理化性质与SPSC的相关性
Correlation between basic physicochemical properties and SPSC in uplands and paddy fields of red soil
SPSC | BD | pH | Eh | TC | TN | TP | C/N | |||
注:SPSC为土壤磷储存容量;BD为土壤容重;TC为土壤全碳;TN为土壤全氮;TP为土壤全磷;C:N为碳氮比。**表示在0.01水平上显著相关,*表示在0.05水平上显著相关。Note:SPSC,soil phosphorus storage capacity;BD,soil bulk density;TC,soil total carbon;TN,soil total nitrogen;TP,soil total phosphorus;C:N,Carbon to nitrogen ratio. **represents a significant correlation at 0.01 level,* represents a significant correlation at 0.05 level. | ||||||||||
花生旱地 |
SPSC | 1 | –0.75** | 0.59* | –0.59* | 0.04 | –0.18 | 0.07 | –0.07 | |
BD | 1 | –0.53* | 0.53* | 0.06 | 0.11 | –0.03 | 0.12 | |||
pH | 1 | –1.00** | –0.32 | –0.42 | –0.13 | –0.51* | ||||
Eh | 1 | 0.34 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.54* | |||||
TC | 1 | 0.95** | 0.98** | 0.94** | ||||||
TN | 1 | 0.90** | 0.93** | |||||||
TP | 1 | 0.86** | ||||||||
C/N | 1 | |||||||||
稻田 |
SPSC | 1 | –0.12 | 0.18 | –0.18 | –0.24 | –0.21 | –0.10 | 0.01 | |
BD | 1 | 0.02 | –0.05 | –0.48 | –0.54* | –0.66* | 0.10 | |||
pH | 1 | –1.00** | –0.20 | –0.19 | –0.19 | 0.31 | ||||
Eh | 1 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.20 | –0.31 | |||||
TC | 1 | 0.99** | 0.88** | 0.43 | ||||||
TN | 1 | 0.88** | 0.42 | |||||||
TP | 1 | 0.06 | ||||||||
C/N | 1 |
土壤全磷(TP)和有效磷(Olsen-P)是评价土壤磷素供应潜力与活力的重要指标[
基于SPSC值,可以发现坡耕的花生旱地与稻田红壤磷不仅可以沿剖面进行垂直运移淋失,还可以随坡位以地表径流的方式进行迁移损失(
土壤磷素有效磷(Olsen-P)的多少不仅影响着土壤磷素的有效供应量,还影响土壤磷的流失的潜能与风险,通常将20 mg·kg–1视为作物生长的最佳Olsen-P值,当Olsen-P > 40 mg·kg–1时,土壤磷即存在流失风险且会影响水体环境质量[
花生旱地Olsen-P与SPSC的拟合关系
Correlation fitting relationships between SPSC and Olsen-P in peanut upland
稻田红壤剖面磷也随坡位发生变化,但受干湿交替的水分变化及沿坡向水的流动影响,稻田剖面土壤磷的运移过程更加复杂多变,并不像旱地剖面表现出明显的阶梯状变化(
花生旱地土壤磷沿剖面及坡位的迁移与运移迹象明显,当土壤Olsen-P > 27.6 mg·kg–1时,花生旱地剖面土壤磷的流失风险将急剧增加,应及时采取管控措施。稻田红壤剖面均为磷的源,各发生层土壤磷均存在不同程度的流失风险,需立即停止施磷并及时采取有效措施以提高稻田土壤遗存磷的利用率。无论是花生旱地还是稻田红壤,均可以依据SPSC值的变化对土壤磷达到流失风险阈值前土壤可继续容纳外源磷的安全容量及土壤磷的流失风险进行预测与判断。
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