郑瑞伦(1982—),男,山西介休人,博士,副研究员,主要从事土壤重金属环境行为和生物炭研究与应用。E-mail:
城市绿色基础设施可以解决由城市化引发的诸多环境问题,但城市绿色基础设施建设所需要的大量土壤资源却很匮乏。人工技术土壤(Constructed Technosols,CT)是利用有机和无机固体废弃物创造的用于种植植物的新土壤,可通过调整组成材料和配方满足不同的植被类型、土地用途和立地条件等要求,最终回归城市,用于绿色基础设施建设。CT可同时缓解大量城市固废的处置难题和解决城市绿色基础设施建设的土壤缺乏问题,具有低碳、低成本、低影响的特点,还可产生经济效益。本文主要从CT对植物生长、碳捕获、生物多样性保护、径流污染物滤除方面的作用和人为生物调控方面介绍了CT的研究现状及在我国的应用潜力,并对CT的研究发展进行了展望,提出了一些CT研究中需要解决的问题与建议。旨在推动城市固体废物资源化综合利用和绿色基础设施低碳发展,增加城市碳固存,改善城市地区生态环境和增进人民健康福祉。
Urban green infrastructure is an effective way to solve many environmental issues caused by urbanization. As urban soils are generally not suitable for vegetation growth, a lot of soil resources needed for urban green infrastructure construction can only be excavated and transported from the exurban farmland and/or natural topsoil to urban areas, or in another way, urban soils are planted vegetation after fertilized with organic waste. These methods tend to be costly, destructive to arable land, induce large carbon emissions, and/or have a high cumulative risk of pollution. The huge amount of soil resources needed for the construction of urban green infrastructure is very scarce and this has to be addressed urgently. Constructed Technosols (CT) is a new soil created by using organic and inorganic solid wastes (including artefacts and also seminatural sediment and excavated deep soil-like things) for growing plants, which can be adjusted to meet the requirements of various vegetation types, land uses, site conditions (roof, balcony, street, etc.) in physicochemical properties and pollutant limit standards, and finally returned to the city for green infrastructure construction. CT can simultaneously alleviate the pressure of disposal of urban solid waste and solve the issue of soil shortage in urban green infrastructure construction. It features low carbon, low cost and low eco-impact, and can also produce economic benefits. In this paper, firstly, it was briefly stated the definition, classification and construction techniques of CT. And, the research status and advances mainly in terms of roles in plant growth, carbon capture, biodiversity protection, runoff pollutant removal, and artificial biological intervention of CT were presented. Then, it was briefly described the production of solid waste in China, and according to the current research and application situation, it was proposed the application potential (such as ornamental plant breeding and cultivation, sod production and urban farming etc. in addition to the park, green buffers, green roof and brownfield remediation like things) and advantages of CT. Finally, based on comprehensive research progress, some problems in CT research were pointed out and some insights and suggestions were put forward. Meaningful research on the ecological risk of pollutants in CT, biochar (hydrochar or pyrochar) application to CT, soil heterogeneity design for plant diversity, biological regulation of CT good for human health, promotion of environmental function for CT, and role of carbon sequestration by CT were proposed and supposed. It was aimed that comprehensive reutilization of urban solid waste and more eco-friendly low-carbon development of urban green infrastructure will be able to be promoted, urban carbon sequestration will increase, and urban ecological environment and people's health and well-being will be improved.
城市面积的扩大和城市人口增多引发了诸多环境问题,如热岛效应、污染加重、生物多样性减少和洪涝灾害等,消耗了大量的原始植被和农田等绿色空间与土地资源[
土壤作为绿色基础设施的基本组成部分,在支持植物生长和雨水渗透等功能中发挥关键作用,对维持空气和水体质量有重要贡献。城市绿色基础设施的建设需大量土壤[
人工技术土壤(CT)用于城市绿色基础设施的优势
Advantages of constructed Technosols(CT)for urban green infrastructure
发展CT可降低城市绿色基础设施建设成本和对自然资源的负面影响,促进绿色基础设施更加绿色、低碳、可持续地发展,推动城市固体废物资源化综合利用,助力“无废城市”和“海绵城市”建设,改善城市生态环境和提高人们健康福祉。本文主要介绍了技术新成土(Technosols)和CT的定义和类型、CT在城市绿色基础设施建设中的作用与优势、研究现状及在我国的应用潜力,并对CT的研究发展进行了展望。
技术新成土,是第18届世界土壤科学大会(2006年)正式宣布的新的参考土壤组,并被定义为人工材料含量超过20%且位于地表100 cm范围内的土壤[
CT的分类同技术新成土。技术新成土分为三个亚类:含人工制品、含土工膜和含技术硬质材料的技术新成土[
在技术层面,作为绿色基础设施供植物生长的基本组成部分,CT首先应具备一定的化学肥力、足够的深度、持水能力、较好的孔隙度来满足植物生长,还需满足污染物限量标准,具有抗压、抗踩踏的承载能力和稳定的土壤结构(无需频繁添加有机物),对于特殊的立地条件或用途如屋顶、墙壁或无土草皮等还需更小的容重[
CT可以提供适宜的理化性质供植物生长,而组成材料和配比会影响CT的性质和功能[
CT对城市农业中的作物生长也有很好的支撑作用。除了具有城市绿色基础设施的一般生态服务功能外,城市农业在全球粮食安全中也起重要作用,其食物供应量可占全球城市需求的15%,更是许多发展中国家维持城市居民生计的重要组成[
人为设计和构建的CT通常具有适宜的理化性质,可吸引和留宿大量土壤生物,形成生物多样性保护区[
为了使CT更加健康和有“活力”,近年来有研究者开展了人为生物调控影响CT成土作用和生物多样性变化的研究。Deeb等[
微生物对土壤的团聚过程发挥着重要作用,细菌和真菌可通过释放黏性分泌物及菌丝的物理作用等促进团聚体的形成和稳定[
因此,用城市固废构建CT时要考虑使其达到适宜的理化性质,从而对丰富绿色基础设施生物多样性产生积极作用,进一步还可根据目标用途人为设计调控CT的物理化学性质及接种土壤生物,为目标生物提供合适的生态壁龛,促进绿色基础设施生态功能的有效发挥。
城市绿色基础设施如雨水花园、生物滞留池、城市河道、生态植草沟和人工湿地等雨水管理系统对雨水径流的渗滤、储蓄和净化等有重要作用。上述生物滞留系统通过增加雨水进入土壤剖面和加强土壤蓄水来吸收径流和避免洪水,并促进植被生长,在此过程中涉及一系列影响温室气体排放、有机碳储存以及重金属、有机和生物污染物过滤去除的生物地球化学过程[
生物滞留系统过滤介质特性对雨水渗滤、储蓄和污染物去除的影响(据Tirpak等[
Effects of filter media characteristics on rainfall-runoff filtration, water retention and pollutant removal in bioretention system(modified from Tirpak et al.[
要达到较好的调节雨洪、滤除污染、提升景观等生态功能效果,就需要生物滞留系统的过滤层介质具有合适的孔隙度、渗透性、吸附性和生物活性等性能。而用CT作为过滤层介质则可通过调整CT组成材料与配比来优化过滤介质层的物理、化学和生物特性,促进生物滞留系统更好地发挥其生态功能,具有很大的应用潜力[
大量研究[
此外,将生物质炭或硅酸盐固体废弃物(如煤矸石、粉煤灰、钢渣、混凝土等)作为CT的组分可进一步增加碳储量[
综上所述,CT对城市绿色基础设施建设及其产生的生态与社会服务功能,如景观提升、城市农业生产、大气碳封存、生物多样性保护和人类健康维护等发挥着重要作用。而且,CT的生产不仅就地资源化利用了大量固体废弃物,还保护了耕地及自然表土等自然资源,避免了固废和自然基质的长途运输,具有低碳、低成本、低影响、环境友好的特点(
为了改善城市生态环境,我国大力发展绿色基础设施建设,城市绿地面积由2009年的119.3万hm2增加至2020年的331.2万hm2 [
我国城市绿地面积(a)、花卉种植面积(b)、草坪产量(c)和盆栽植物产量(d)的年际变化(数据来源:中国统计年鉴—2021[
Annual changes in the urban green area(a), flower planting area(b), lawn yield(c)and potted plant yield(d)in China(Data sources: China statistical yearbook-2021[
另一方面,我国耕地资源十分宝贵,人均耕地面积仅为世界人均数量的45%,而且中低产田面积占比高达70%[
据估计,2050年世界人口将从2020年的76亿增加至98亿,约70%的人口生活在城市地区[
我国一般工业固废(a)和污泥产生量(城市和县城产生量之和)(b)的年际变化(数据来源:中国统计年鉴—2021[
Annual changes of common industrial solid waste(a)and sludge production(sum of the production of the city and the county)(b)in China(Data sources: China statistical yearbook-2021[
除了无机固体废弃物外,城市化还产生了大量的有机固体废弃物,如城市污泥、园林绿化废弃物和菌渣等。2017年全球干污泥总量达到4 500万t [
另一方面,除了含有植物生长所需矿质元素外,煤矸石、粉煤灰、钢渣和建筑垃圾废弃混凝土均富含硅酸盐,用其制作的CT可通过风化(碳酸化)作用捕获大气CO2而具有固碳潜力[
通过就地取材将固体废弃物循环利用,根据不同用途与植物生长要求生产可用于城市绿地、绿色屋顶、阳台农业、草皮、棕地治理等绿色基础设施的CT,在缓解固废处置压力的同时保护了土壤和泥炭等自然资源。CT的配方生产和目标应用更加有利于绿色基础设施调节雨洪、生长植被、增加碳汇、保护生物多样性和生产高品质农产品等生态功能的发挥。结合国内外研究进展,有诸多方面值得研究和探索,推动CT的应用和功能发挥。
第一,提高CT的稳定性。CT中有机物的降解可导致养分淋失和理化性质变差[
第二,控制和减小CT中污染物的生态风险。CT组成材料以固体废弃物为主,会不可避免地引入重金属、微塑料、抗生素、抗性基因和病原菌等污染物。对于有机物料如城市污泥和园林绿化废弃物等,将其热解或水热处理制成生物质炭来减小重金属、抗生素及微塑料等生态风险的技术前景较好,然而在成土过程中生态风险的变化仍需要关注[
第三,调整配方助力植物多样性。在园林绿化中,通常需要在同一地块上种植不同的植物来丰富植被景观,但设计者通常仅考虑植物种类而忽视土壤理化性质。在自然界中,多样化的土壤环境属性导致了起源植物的多样性,土壤多样性是形成植物多样性的关键驱动力[
第四,调控CT微生物群落结构助益人体健康。接种土壤动物对CT团聚体形成、结构稳定性和生物多样性有显著影响,但尚无接种外源微生物对CT成土过程及微生物群落影响的研究报道,特别是远离城市、受人类活动影响较小的天然植被土壤的微生物组的接种。这是由于土壤中不同微生物种作为微生物大家庭的成员通常扮演着不同的角色,而稀有种也可以是土壤微生物群落中的关键类群,在维持土壤生物多样性方面起关键作用[
第五,提高对径流污染物的截留去除作用。目前的研究主要集中在用于雨洪系统的绿色基础设施,通过应用不同的固废组合在传统去除径流颗粒污染物的基础上去除可溶性的氮磷、重金属、有机污染物和病原菌等。CT的组成、结构优化及生物强化对提高绿色基础设施的污染物去除能力起关键作用[
第六,富含硅酸盐废弃物用于CT的固碳潜力。在巴西圣保罗州的生命周期评价表明,将硅酸盐岩用于土壤可达到固碳增汇的效果[
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