曹华(2000—),男,湖北黄冈人,硕士研究生,主要研究领域:土壤磷素的环境行为。E-mail:
为明确不同数量外源磷添加对稻田磷生物有效性组分的影响,以江西鹰潭孙家小流域内新稻田(NP,2 ~3 a)、中期稻田(MP,20 ~ 30 a)和老稻田(OP,400 ~ 500 a)为研究对象,基于不同浓度外源磷[0(CK)、125(P1)、250(P2)、500(P3)、625(P4)、750(P5)mg·kg–1(以P计)]添加的淹水培养实验(0 ~ 80 d),采用模拟生物活化的磷素分级方法(BBP法),分析了淹水条件下外源磷添加后稻田BBP组分磷的增量(∆)动态变化,探讨了各组分磷增量的相关关系及影响因素。结果表明:淹水条件下,稻田有效磷(Bray-P)及BBP组分磷增量随磷添加量的增加而显著增加。BBP组分磷增量由小到大依次为:氯化钙磷增量(∆Ca-P)、酶提取磷增量(∆En-P)、柠檬酸磷增量(∆Ci-P)、盐酸磷(∆HC-P)。培养15天时,新稻田∆Ca-P与∆Ci-P达到最大值;培养60天时,中期稻田∆Ca-P、∆En-P、∆HC-P及∆Bray-P达到最大值;而老稻田中各组分磷随时间变化不明显。通径分析表明:外源添加磷对新稻田和老稻田∆Bray-P有显著直接正效应。外源磷添加虽能显著增加稻田磷素生物组分有效性,但其增量最大值的出现时段不同,新稻田与中期稻田中生物有效磷增量最大值分别出现在磷添加后的第15天与60天,因此,适时适量地施用磷肥对稻田磷素肥力提升与稻田磷素流失风险管控具有重要意义。
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient element that affects crop growth, yield enhancement and quality improvement. Due to the application of a large amount of phosphate fertilizer and the lack of scientific management, the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer is low and the environmental risk increases. Thus, it is important to know the effects of different amounts of exogenous phosphorus(P) addition on P bioavailability components in paddy soil under flooding conditions.
Three soil samples were collected from the new paddy field (NP, 2-3 years), medium-term paddy field (MP, 20-30 years) and old paddy field (OP, 400-500 years) in Sunjia small watershed of Yingtan, Jiangxi Province. Based on the flooding culture experiment (0-80 days) with different concentrations of exogenous P addition [0(CK), 125(P1), 250(P2), 500(P3), 625(P4), 750(P5)mg·kg–1], the test for simulating the bioactivation process of biologically based P(BBP method)was adopted. The dynamic changes in the increment(∆)of soluble P(Ca-P), easily activated and released P(Ci-P), easily mineralizable acid phosphatase (En-P), and the potential inorganic P(HC-P) were analyzed, and the correlation between all P components and influencing factors were evaluated.
The results showed that under flooding conditions, exogenous P addition could significantly increase the available P(Bray-P) and BBP components such as Ca-P, En-P, Ci-P and HC-P in paddy soil, and the increment of P contents of each component increased significantly with an extension of P addition. The increment of BBP components was changed by the order: ∆Ca-P < ∆En-P < ∆Ci-P < ∆HC-P. On day 15 of incubation, the ∆Ca-P and ∆Ci-P in the new paddy field reached a maximum value while on day 60, the ∆Ca-P, ∆En-P, ∆HC-P and ∆Bray-P in the medium-term paddy field reached their maximum value. However, the P content of each component did not change significantly in the old paddy field. The ratio of ΔBray-P to ΔTP(ΔBray-P/ΔTP) in paddy soil after exogenous P addition showed the same trend as that of ΔBray-P, but there was no significant difference among different P additions. Path analysis showed that exogenous P addition had a significant direct positive effect on ∆Bray-P in new and old paddy soil; ∆Ci-P had a significant direct positive effect on ∆Bray-P in new paddy field; ∆HC-P and ∆Ca-P had a significant direct positive effect on ∆Bray-P in medium-term paddy field, and ∆En-P had a significant direct positive effect on ∆Bray-P in old paddy field.
Although exogenous P addition can significantly increase the components of the bioavailability of P in paddy soil, the emergence stage of the maximum increment bioavailability of P in paddy soil is different. Therefore, it is of great significance to timely and appropriately apply P fertilizers for the improvement of P fertility and the risk control of P loss in paddy fields.
磷是影响作物生长发育、产量提高和品质改善的重要养分元素[
红壤广泛分布于我国南方亚热带及热带地区,是我国重要的粮食生产基地,农业产值高[
2018年4月水稻种植前,在江西省鹰潭市孙家典型红壤小流域内选择了坡上中期稻田(MP,20 ~ 30 a)、坡中新稻田(NP,2 ~ 3 a)及坡底老稻田(OP,400 ~ 500 a)三处稻田,在每个田块内按“S”形采集耕层(0 ~ 15 cm)土壤样品10 ~ 15点,混合均匀后带回室内,除去小石块、植物残体以及动物遗体,风干、磨细过筛,保存备用。供试土壤基本理化性质见
供试土壤基本理化性质
The basic physical and chemical properties of the tested soil
稻田类型 |
种植年限 |
pHKCl | 全碳 |
全氮 |
全磷 |
C/N | 有效磷 |
注:NP,新稻田;MP,中期稻田;OP,老稻田。同列相同字母表示不同土壤之间无显著差异( |
|||||||
NP | 2 ~ 3 | 3.84a | 7.51a | 1.22a | 0.51a | 6.32a | 46.67b |
MP | 20 ~ 30 | 4.02b | 11.2b | 1.43a | 0.59a | 8.25b | 27.25a |
OP | 400 ~ 500 | 4.18c | 28.4c | 3.51b | 0.58a | 8.23b | 44.83b |
称取过2 mm筛的风干新稻田、中期稻田和老稻田土壤样品100.00 g,各6份,每份重复3次,均匀平铺于250 mL培养瓶底部,用少量去离子水润湿土壤后,采用称重法调节土壤含水量至田间最大持水量的60%,以达到水土充分混合均匀的状态,密封后,置于恒温恒湿培养箱中(25 ℃和70%相对湿度)内预培养3天。预培养结束后,分别一次性加入磷浓度为0(CK)、125(P1)、250(P2)、500(P3)、625(P4)、750(P5)mg·L–1的磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)溶液100 mL,充分混匀后,再放回培养箱内培养80天。分别于培养的第5、15、30、60和80天进行破坏性采样,将土壤样品风干、磨细、过筛,用于测定土壤有效磷(Bray-P)及BBP磷组分。
采用DeLuca等[
土壤pH采用电位法,1 mol·L–1KCl溶液浸泡,液土比为2.5︰1;有效磷(Bray-P)采用盐酸-氟化铵法测定[
采用Microsoft Office Excel 2016软件进行数据整理与分析,使用IBM SPSS Statistics 26软件进行方差分析,采用Origin 2022软件进行绘图。
外源磷添加后稻田有效磷增量(∆Bray-P)随着磷添加浓度的增加而显著增加。随着培养时间的延长,新稻田(NP)中∆Bray-P呈逐渐增加(0 ~ 80 d)的趋势,而中期稻田(MP)中∆Bray-P呈先降低(0 ~ 30 d)再升高(30 ~ 60 d)后降低(60 ~ 80 d)的趋势,老稻田(OP)中∆Bray-P则无显著变化(
外源磷添加下稻田有效磷增量(∆Bray-P)及其占添加磷量(∆TP)比例(∆Bray-P/∆TP)的变化
Changes of Bray-P increment(∆Bray-P)and its proportion(∆Bray-P/∆TP)to added phosphorus(∆TP)in paddy soil with exogenous phosphorus addition
外源磷添加下稻田pH随着培养时间的延长,NP中pH呈先降低(0 ~ 30 d)再升高(30 ~ 60 d)后平稳(60 ~ 80 d)的趋势,而MP中pH呈先平稳(0 ~ 30 d)再升高(30 ~ 60 d)后降低(60 ~ 80 d)的趋势,而OP中pH呈逐渐升高(0 ~ 80 d)的趋势(
外源磷添加下稻田pH的变化
Changes of pH in paddy soil with exogenous phosphorus addition
外源磷添加可显著增加稻田中Ca-P增量(∆Ca-P),且随着培养时间的延长,NP中∆Ca-P呈先增加(0 ~ 15 d)再降低(15 ~ 80 d)的趋势,而MP中∆Ca-P呈先降低(0 ~ 30 d)再增加(30 ~ 60 d)后降低(60 ~ 80 d)的趋势,OP中∆Ca-P则无显著变化(
外源磷添加下稻田氯化钙磷增量(∆Ca-P)及其占添加磷量(∆TP)比例(∆Ca-P/∆TP)的变化
Changes of Ca-P increment(∆Ca-P)and its proportion(∆Ca-P/∆TP)to added phosphorus(∆TP)in paddy soil under exogenous phosphorus addition
外源磷添加后,NP中∆En-P呈先降低(0 ~ 30 d)再增加(30 ~ 80 d)的趋势,而MP中∆En-P呈先降低(0 ~ 15 d)再增加(15 ~ 60 d)后降低(60 ~ 80 d)的趋势,OP中∆En-P呈先平稳(0 ~ 15 d)再增加(15 ~ 30 d)后降低(30 ~ 80 d)的趋势(
外源磷添加对稻田酶提取磷增量(∆En-P)及其占磷添加量(∆TP)比例(∆En-P/∆TP)的变化
Changes of En-P increment(∆En-P)and its proportion(∆En-P/∆TP)to added phosphorus(∆TP)in paddy soil with exogenous phosphorus addition
外源磷添加后,NP和OP中∆Ci-P呈先增加(0 ~ 15 d)再降低(15 ~ 30 d)后增加(30 ~ 80 d)的趋势,而MP中∆Ci-P呈先增加(0 ~ 15 d)再降低(15 ~ 30 d)后增加(30 ~ 60 d)最后降低(60 ~ 80 d)的趋势(
外源磷添加对稻田柠檬酸磷增量(∆Ci-P)及其占磷添加量(∆TP)比例(∆Ci-P/∆TP)的变化
Changes of Ci-P increment(∆Ci-P)and its proportion(∆Ci-P/∆TP)to added phosphorus(∆TP)in paddy soil with exogenous phosphorus addition
外源磷添加后,NP中∆HC-P呈先增加(0 ~ 60 d)后平稳(60 ~ 80 d)的趋势,而MP中∆HC-P呈先增加(0 ~ 15 d)再降低(15 ~ 30 d)后增加(30 ~ 60 d)最后降低(60 ~ 80 d)的趋势,OP中∆HC-P呈先增加(0 ~ 15 d)再降低(15 ~ 30 d)后增加(30 ~ 60 d)最后平稳(60 ~ 80 d)的趋势(
外源磷添加下稻田盐酸磷增量(∆HC-P)及其占磷添加量(∆TP)比例(∆HC-P/∆TP)的变化
Changes of HC-P increment(∆HC-P)and its proportion(∆HC-P/∆TP)to added phosphorus(∆TP)in paddy soil with exogenous phosphorus addition
由
稻田生物有效性磷组分增量与∆pH的相关性
Correlation between the increment of bioavailable phosphorus components and ∆pH in paddy soil
土壤类型 |
指标 |
∆Ca-P | ∆En-P | ∆Ci-P | ∆HC-P | ∆Bray-P | ∆pH |
注:*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上显著。下同。Note:* and ** denotes significant correlation at 0.05 and 0.01 levels,respectively. The same as below. | |||||||
NP | ∆Ca-P | 1.000 | 0.519** | 0.740** | 0.653** | 0.700** | 0.174 |
∆En-P | 1.000 | 0.664** | 0.906** | 0.900** | 0.347 | ||
∆Ci-P | 1.000 | 0.541** | 0.817** | –0.259 | |||
∆HC-P | 1.000 | 0.848** | 0.581** | ||||
∆Bray-P | 1.000 | 0.186 | |||||
∆pH | 1.000 | ||||||
MP | ∆Ca-P | 1.000 | 0.826** | 0.516** | 0.650** | 0.837** | –0.265 |
∆En-P | 1.000 | 0.469* | 0.639** | 0.769** | –0.079 | ||
∆Ci-P | 1.000 | 0.820** | 0.772** | 0.468* | |||
∆HC-P | 1.000 | 0.934** | 0.420* | ||||
∆Bray-P | 1.000 | 0.206 | |||||
∆pH | 1.000 | ||||||
OP | ∆Ca-P | 1.000 | 0.864** | 0.740** | 0.948** | 0.926** | 0.889** |
∆En-P | 1.000 | 0.741** | 0.905** | 0.963** | 0.819** | ||
∆Ci-P | 1.000 | 0.730** | 0.766** | 0.594** | |||
∆HC-P | 1.000 | 0.966** | 0.929** | ||||
∆Bray-P | 1.000 | 0.901** | |||||
∆pH | 1.000 |
通径分析结果(
稻田有效磷增量(∆Bray-P)与生物有效性磷组分增量和∆pH之间的通径系数
Path coefficient between ∆Bray-P and the increment of bioavailable phosphorus components and ∆pH in paddy soil
稻田 |
指标 |
直接通径系数 |
间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient | ||||||
T | ∆TP | ∆Ca-P | ∆En-P | ∆Ci-P | ∆HC-P | ∆pH | |||
注:T为培养时间;Y为种植年限。Note:T represents incubation time;Y represents cultivated year. | |||||||||
NP | T | –0.170* | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.006 | –0.146 | –0.051 | 0.174 |
∆TP | 0.750* | 0.000 | 0.000 | –0.032 | 0.101 | 0.243 | –0.205 | 0.086 | |
∆Ca-P | –0.047 | 0.021 | 0.506 | 0.000 | 0.056 | 0.255 | –0.140 | 0.042 | |
∆En-P | 0.107 | –0.010 | 0.710 | –0.024 | 0.000 | 0.228 | –0.195 | 0.083 | |
∆Ci-P | 0.344* | 0.072 | 0.530 | –0.035 | 0.071 | 0.000 | –0.116 | 0.062 | |
∆HC-P | –0.215 | –0.040 | 0.716 | –0.031 | 0.097 | 0.186 | 0.000 | 0.139 | |
∆pH | 0.240* | –0.123 | 0.270 | –0.008 | 0.037 | –0.089 | 0.139 | 0.000 | |
MP | T | –0.015 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.000 | –0.002 | 0.046 | 0.004 |
∆TP | 0.244 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.140 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.484 | –0.007 | |
∆Ca-P | 0.286** | –0.001 | 0.119 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.343 | 0.003 | |
∆En-P | 0.001 | –0.001 | 0.135 | 0.236 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.337 | 0.001 | |
∆Ci-P | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.192 | 0.148 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.432 | –0.005 | |
∆HC-P | 0.527** | –0.001 | 0.224 | 0.186 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.000 | –0.005 | |
∆pH | –0.011 | 0.005 | 0.149 | –0.076 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.221 | 0.000 | |
OP | T | –0.034 | 0.000 | 0.000 | –0.001 | –0.021 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.000 |
∆TP | 0.831** | 0.000 | 0.000 | –0.010 | 0.140 | –0.025 | 0.086 | –0.001 | |
∆Ca-P | –0.011 | –0.002 | 0.778 | 0.000 | 0.128 | –0.024 | 0.083 | –0.001 | |
∆En-P | 0.148* | 0.005 | 0.785 | –0.010 | 0.000 | –0.024 | 0.080 | –0.001 | |
∆Ci-P | –0.032 | 0.013 | 0.640 | –0.008 | 0.110 | 0.000 | 0.064 | –0.001 | |
∆HC-P | 0.088 | –0.005 | 0.812 | –0.010 | 0.134 | –0.023 | 0.000 | –0.001 | |
∆pH | –0.001 | –0.007 | 0.763 | –0.010 | 0.121 | –0.019 | 0.082 | 0.000 | |
稻田 |
Y | 0.095** | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.010 | –0.071 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
T | –0.018 | 0.000 | 0.000 | –0.003 | 0.005 | –0.030 | –0.024 | –0.002 | |
∆TP | 0.558** | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.124 | 0.239 | 0.060 | –0.148 | –0.005 | |
∆Ca-P | 0.195** | 0.000 | 0.356 | 0.000 | 0.212 | 0.054 | –0.099 | –0.002 | |
∆En-P | 0.323** | 0.000 | 0.413 | 0.128 | 0.000 | 0.045 | –0.111 | –0.003 | |
∆Ci-P | 0..082 | 0.006 | 0.408 | 0.128 | 0.175 | 0.000 | –0.103 | –0.001 | |
∆HC-P | –0.156 | –0.003 | 0.508 | 0.124 | 0.230 | 0.054 | 0.000 | –0.005 | |
∆pH | –0.010 | –0.003 | 0.294 | 0.032 | 0.091 | 0.012 | –0.082 | 0.000 |
传统的磷素分级方法偏重于磷化合物的不同形态[
淹水条件下,稻田中BBP组分增量均随着外源磷添加时间的延长而发生明显的变化(
En-P是由0.02 EU·mL–1酸性磷酸酶和0.02 EU·mL–1碱性磷酸酶混合提取的易被酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶活化的有机磷[
相关性分析结果表明稻田中HC-P含量与∆pH呈显著正相关关系(
相同磷添加量下,新稻田和老稻田中∆Bray-P较中期稻田高,这可能是新稻田和老稻田中外源添加磷更易于转化为Bray-P。外源磷添加60天时,中期稻田中∆Bray-P/∆TP达到最高值,主要原因是中期稻田pH显著升高导致磷酸铁和磷酸铝的溶解度增加[
通径分析(
外源磷添加可显著增加稻田磷的生物有效性,各BBP组分磷增量大小依次为:∆Ca-P < ∆En-P < ∆Ci-P < ∆HC-P。外源磷添加对新稻田和老稻田中∆Bray-P影响最大;新稻田、中期稻田及老稻田∆Bray-P分别主要来自易被有机酸活化释放的磷和潜在无机磷、可溶性磷以及易被酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶矿化的有机磷。不同年限稻田生物有效性磷组分对外源磷添加的响应不同,对新稻田和中期稻田施磷可分别考虑在作物需磷旺盛时期15和60天前进行,这将有利于提高磷肥肥效和利用率,且能减少土壤磷流失带来的环境风险。
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