李越(1999—),男,重庆奉节人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤质量与环境研究。E-mail:
阐明化肥和有机肥配施生物质炭对根际/非根际土壤养分和氮赋存形态的影响,有助于农田氮的高效利用及科学管理。采用盆栽试验方法,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、施有机肥(M)、化肥配施生物质炭(CFB)、有机肥配施生物质炭(MB)、新鲜有机肥配施生物质炭(FMB)6个处理,通过测定根际及非根际土壤养分含量和土壤氮赋存形态,阐明不同施肥处理对氮形态转化的影响。结果表明:与CK处理相比,MB处理提高非根际及根际土壤pH 0.32和0.28个单位,FMB处理提高根际土壤pH 0.63个单位;MB和FMB处理分别提高根际土壤有机质含量25.4%和84.9%,同时显著提高根际土壤全氮含量25.4%和50.9%,表现出明显的根际效应。施肥能显著提高土壤离子交换态氮(IEF-N)含量,以CF和CFB处理的效果最好。施用有机肥和生物质炭能显著提高土壤碳酸盐结合态氮(CF-N)含量,以M和MB处理效果最好,且CF-N存在根际富集效应。配施生物质炭(CFB、MB和FMB)处理能促进土壤非可转化态氮(NTF-N)向铁锰氧化物结合态氮(IMOF-N)和有机硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)这两种活性更高的氮形态转化,其中IMOF-N和OSF-N分别占可转化态氮的35.9%~61.7%和26.7%~46.6%,是根际及非根际土壤可转化态氮(TF-N)的主要成分。因此,有机肥配施生物质炭是改善根际及非根际土壤养分和调控氮转化有效的方式。
This study aimed to clarify the effects of fertilizer and organic fertilizer combined with biomass charcoal on the forms of nutrients and nitrogen in rhizosphere/non-rhizosphere soil, which is helpful for the efficient utilization and scientific management of farmland nitrogen.
Taking the pot experiment of lemon as the research object, this paper set up six treatments: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), manure (M), chemical fertilizer with biomass charcoal (CFB), manure with biomass charcoal (MB) and fresh manure with biomass charcoal (FMB). By measuring the changes of nutrient content in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and the transformation of soil nitrogen storage forms, the effects of organic fertilizer combined with biomass charcoal on the forms of soil nutrients and nitrogen in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere were studied.
The results showed that compared with CK treatment, MB treatment increased non rhizosphere and rhizosphere soil pH by 0.32 and 0.28 units, and FMB treatment increased rhizosphere soil pH by 0.63 units; MB and FMB treatments increased the content of organic matter in rhizosphere soil by 25.4% and 84.9% respectively, and significantly increased the content of total nitrogen in rhizosphere soil by 25.4% and 50.9%, showing obvious rhizosphere effect. Fertilization can significantly increase the content of soil ion-exchange nitrogen (IEF-N), and CF and CFB treatments had the best effect. Applying manure and biomass charcoal can significantly increase the content of carbonate-bound nitrogen (CF-N) in soil, and M and MB treatments are the best, and CF-N has a rhizosphere enrichment effect. The combined application of biomass charcoal (CFB, MB and FMB) can promote the transformation of soil non-convertible nitrogen (NTF-N) to two more active nitrogen forms, iron manganese oxide bound nitrogen (IMOF-N) and organic sulfide bound nitrogen (OSF-N). IMOF-N and OSF-N account for 35.9%-61.7% and 26.7%-46.6% of convertible nitrogen, respectively, and are the main components of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils convertible nitrogen (TF-N).
Therefore, manure combined with biomass charcoal is an effective way to improve rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil nutrients and regulate nitrogen transformation.
氮是植物需求量最大的矿质营养元素,同时也是植物生长发育过程中最受限制的营养元素之一[
近年来,过量施用氮肥影响了土壤中氮循环过程,不仅造成大量氮流失,还造成土壤退化、水体污染和大气污染等一系列环境问题[
根际是土壤与植物进行物质、能量交换的重要场所,植物通过根系分泌物来影响土壤理化性质,其影响最先反映在根际土壤上,作为研究植物、土壤和微生物之间互相联系的重要领域,其与非根际土壤之间存在明显的差异性[
因此,本文以紫色土为研究对象,通过设置6个不同施肥处理,测定柠檬根际和非根际土壤基本理化性质和氮形态,探明有机肥配施生物质炭对根际及非根际土壤养分和氮赋存形态的影响,为有机肥和生物质炭在调控农田氮转化和氮肥减施增效的应用中提供新的思路。
供试土壤采自重庆市潼南区太安镇国家农业科技园区柠檬种植基地(0~30 cm),是紫色土区琼江河台地冲积物(Q4)经旱耕熟化而成的一种紫色潮土。采集的土壤置于阴凉干燥处自然风干,去除杂质后研磨过2 cm筛供盆栽试验使用。初始土壤的基本理化性质:容重1.48 g·cm–3、pH 5.19、有机质8.68 g·kg–1、全氮0.679 g·kg–1、全磷0.221 g·kg–1、碱解氮57.31 mg·kg–1、硝态氮3.46 mg·kg–1、铵态氮4.82 mg·kg–1、有效磷9.14 mg·kg–1、速效钾244.12 mg·kg–1。
供试柠檬品种为尤力克(Eureka),苗龄为嫁接7个月的脱毒苗,来自重庆市潼南区国家科技农业园区智能化柠檬脱毒育苗中心。供试生物质炭为稻壳生物质炭,由四川省久晟农业有限责任公司提供,烧制方法是将稻壳在500 ℃高温厌氧条件下热解2 h,制成稻壳生物质炭。供试有机肥和新鲜有机肥分别为腐熟猪粪和新鲜猪粪,均取自潼南温氏养猪场,猪粪(120 d)碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的缓释效率分别为35.3%、34.8%和41.5%。供试生物质炭和有机肥的基本性质见
供试生物质炭和有机肥基本性质
Basic properties of biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer tested
供试材料 |
pH | C/(g·kg–1) | N/(g·kg–1) | P/(g·kg–1) | K/(g·kg–1) |
生物质炭 |
9.50 | 238.5 | 0.808 | 1.754 | 6.827 |
腐熟猪粪 |
8.89 | — | 22.91 | 51.5 | 8.8 |
新鲜猪粪 |
8.61 | — | 21.46 | 31.3 | 7.9 |
盆栽试验于2019年5月1日—2020年6月25日在“紫色土基地”进行,2020年1月由室外移至温室大棚。设置6个处理:①不施肥(CK)、②常规施肥(CF)、③有机肥(M)、④化肥+生物质炭(CFB)、⑤有机肥+生物质炭(MB)、⑥新鲜有机肥+生物质炭(FMB),采用随机区组设计,每个处理4次重复。化肥品种分别为尿素(N 46%)、过磷酸钙(P2O5 12%)和氯化钾(K2O 60%)。微量元素肥料为来自北美农大集团生产的硼锌锰铁镁钙硅复合微量元素水溶肥料(B、Zn、Mg、Si、Ca、Mn、Fe≥12 %),pH为6.0。
称取土壤15 kg,按照等氮施肥的原则将化肥、有机肥和生物质炭与土壤充分混匀后装入盆钵,盆钵为盆口直径22 cm、高30 cm的PVC圆桶。除CK处理外,各处理保持等氮的施肥原则,单株柠檬幼苗施入纯氮(N)2.625 g。施用完基肥后放置15 d,然后选择大小和长势基本一致的柠檬苗移栽,每个盆钵1株,移栽定植后浇水灌透,之后适时浇水,每次浇水保持各处理表层土壤的湿度一致。生物质炭作为基肥一次性施入,施用量参照刘园等[
各处理施肥总量
Total fertilization for each treatment
处理 |
尿素 |
过磷酸钙 |
氯化钾 |
有机肥 |
新鲜有机肥 |
生物质炭 |
微量元素 |
注:CK表示不施肥;CF表示施化肥;M表示施有机肥;CFB表示化肥配施生物质炭;MB表示有机肥配施生物质炭;FMB表示新鲜有机肥配施生物质炭,下同。Note:CK means no fertilization;CF means chemical fertilizer;M means applying manure;CFB means chemical fertilizer combined with biomass charcoal;MB means manure combined with biomass charcoal;FMB means fresh manure combined with biomass charcoal. The same below. | |||||||
/(g·kg–1) | |||||||
CK | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
CF | 0.89 | 3.40 | 0.47 | — | — | — | 0.34 |
M | — | — | — | 50.49 | — | — | — |
CFB | 0.87 | 3.10 | 0.24 | — | — | 8.89 | 0.34 |
MB | — | — | — | 49.61 | — | 8.89 | — |
FMB | — | — | — | — | 52.96 | 8.89 | — |
2020年6月25日进行破坏性取样。打开定植盆,用抖土法[
土壤pH采用DMP-2mV酸度计测定,土水比为1︰2.5;土壤有机质采用重铬酸钾容量法(K2Cr2O7-H2SO4法);土壤全氮采用H2SO4-H2O2消煮,蒸馏滴定法测定;碱解氮采用碱解扩散法;土壤硝态氮采用KCl溶液浸提—紫外分光光度法测定;土壤铵态氮采用KCl溶液浸提—靛酚蓝比色法测定;有效磷采用Olsen法;土壤速效钾采用NH4OAc溶液浸提—火焰光度法测定[
采用改进后的沉积物中氮分级浸取分离法[
土壤氮分级测定流程图
Flowchart of soil nitrogen fractionation determination
试验数据采用Excel2019整理,IBM SPSS Statistics 26进行统计分析和Origin2018软件进行图表绘制,以LSD最小显著差异法进行多重比较,差异显著水平为
不同处理对根际及非根际土壤pH、有机质及养分的影响如
不同施肥处理对根际及非根际土壤pH、有机质及养分的影响
Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil pH, organic matter and nutrients in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils
处理 |
pH | 有机质 |
全氮 |
NO3--N/(mg·kg–1) | NH4+-N/(mg·kg–1) | 碱解氮 |
有效磷 |
速效钾 |
注:数据为3次重复的平均值±标准误。组间不同小写字母表示不同处理下同一区域之间的显著性差异( |
||||||||
根际土 Rhizosphere soil | ||||||||
CK | 5.16±0.00c | 8.20±0.11a | 0.56±0.01a | 1.64±0.11a | 4.56±0.63a | 51.10±1.94a | 8.34±0.49a | 50.69±0.51a |
CF | 4.53±0.01a | 8.27±0.04a | 0.66±0.04b | 15.59±1.13d | 13.19±3.86b | 69.16±0.23c | 51.61±1.57c | 205.4±1.24f |
M | 5.45±0.00d | 13.05±0.06c | 0.91±0.02f | 7.13±0.12c | 4.68±2.23a | 86.20±0.18d | 85.70±1.66d | 135.0±1.63c |
CFB | 4.82±0.03b | 12.79±0.47c | 0.77±0.01d | 15.83±0.11d | 7.29±2.24a | 68.36±0.07c | 48.36±1.59c | 156.6±2.01d |
MB | 5.70±0.01e | 10.28±0.00b | 0.71±0.01c | 8.14±1.47c | 3.82±1.12a | 58.47±7.77b | 38.67±0.98b | 125.0±1.13b |
FBM | 5.79±0.04f | 15.16±0.12d | 0.85±0.01e | 3.01±0.68b | 6.29±3.50a | 66.11±6.18c | 37.57±2.87b | 171.5±2.52e |
非根际土 Non-rhizosphere soil | ||||||||
CK | 5.21±0.01c | 7.61±0.04a | 0.62±0.03a | 4.37±0.23b | 10.81±3.43b | 58.57±3.56b | 9.03±0.11a | 74.43±0.24a |
CF | 4.57±0.00a | 7.75±0.10a | 0.76±0.01d | 10.70±1.02e | 24.64±4.91c | 75.14±0.08c | 70.43±4.24e | 191.3±0.65f |
M | 5.36±0.00d | 9.46±0.04d | 0.75±0.00d | 8.84±0.89d | 6.70±1.14ab | 57.08±0.64b | 59.17±0.48d | 99.94±1.16c |
CFB | 4.98±0.02b | 8.35±0.03c | 0.64±0.00c | 9.26±1.02d | 9.67±2.94b | 50.70±2.13a | 28.87±0.04bc | 87.12±0.64b |
MB | 5.53±0.01f | 8.33±0.00bc | 0.63±0.02c | 7.70±0.28c | 3.07±0.49a | 49.15±0.01a | 30.93±1.48c | 123.2±4.14e |
FBM | 5.49±0.03e | 8.10±0.19ab | 0.61±0.01b | 2.97±0.06a | 4.16±3.72a | 50.71±2.34a | 26.11±0.96b | 111.8±2.35d |
对于根际土而言,与CK处理相比,CF和CFB处理分别显著降低了pH0.63和0.34个单位,M、MB和FMB处理显著增加pH0.29~0.63个单位;M、CFB、MB和FMB显著增加有机质含量25.37%~84.88%;CF处理显著增加铵态氮含量;CF、M、CFB、MB和FMB处理显著增加全氮、硝态氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量。
非根际土和根际土在施肥处理后的pH变化基本上一致。施用有机肥和生物质炭能提高土壤有机质含量,且表现一定的根际效应。CFB、M、MB和FMB处理的根际土全氮含量显著高于非根际土(
由
不同施肥处理对根际及非根际土壤可转化态氮和非可转化态氮含量及占比的影响
Effects of different fertilization treatments on the contents and proportions of convertible nitrogen and non-convertible nitrogen in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils
处理 |
IEF-N占比 |
CF-N占比 |
IMOF-N占比 |
OSF-N占比 |
TF-N | NTF-N | |||
含量 |
占比 |
含量 |
占比 |
||||||
注:IEF-N、CF-N、IMOF-N和OSF-N属于可转化态氮,占比为可转化态氮中的占比。数据为3次重复的平均值±标准误。Note:IEF-N,CF-N,IMOF-N and OSF-N belong to convertible nitrogen,and the proportion is the proportion of convertible nitrogen. The data is the mean value ± standard error of 3 repetitions. | |||||||||
根际土 Rhizosphere soil | |||||||||
CK | 1.69 | 5.36 | 60.29 | 32.66 | 378.0±0.9a | 66.97 | 186.5±8.3a | 33.03 | |
M | 9.78 | 7.81 | 35.85 | 46.56 | 438.9±27.3b | 48.23 | 471.1±42.9e | 51.77 | |
CFB | 15.22 | 5.93 | 50.46 | 28.39 | 483.2±12.0c | 62.38 | 291.4±2.9bc | 37.62 | |
MB | 11.54 | 8.89 | 43.67 | 35.89 | 370.1±2.8a | 52.35 | 336.9±5.7d | 47.65 | |
FMB | 4.52 | 4.85 | 59.89 | 30.73 | 530.4±25.2d | 62.26 | 321.6±30.9cd | 37.74 | |
非根际土 Non-rhizosphere soil | |||||||||
CK | 3.31 | 5.06 | 61.72 | 29.92 | 420.4±1.6b | 67.96 | 198.2±27.4a | 32.04 | |
CF | 19.48 | 4.57 | 43.67 | 32.28 | 440.2±3.5c | 57.88 | 320.3±5.7c | 42.12 | |
M | 8.76 | 6.42 | 45.35 | 39.47 | 405.1±17.5b | 54.02 | 344.9±17.5c | 45.98 | |
CFB | 8.5 | 4.7 | 60.15 | 26.65 | 455.4±23.6c | 71.72 | 179.6±27.7a | 28.28 | |
MB | 10.56 | 5.65 | 55.77 | 28.03 | 421.6±7.0b | 67.14 | 206.4±24.0a | 32.86 | |
FMB | 3.93 | 5.77 | 57.4 | 32.9 | 355.4±5.2a | 58.26 | 254.6±4.8b | 41.74 |
根际土中M处理的氮形态占比为:NTF-N > TF-N,其余处理氮形态占比均为:NTF-N < TF-N,其中土壤可转化态氮(TF-N)含量占比为48.23%~71.72%,土壤非可转化态氮(NTF-N)占比为28.28%~51.77%,说明土壤氮素以土壤可转化态氮为主。CFB处理较CF处理显著提高了土壤TF-N的占比(
离子交换态氮(IEF-N)是一类水溶性强、吸附在土壤阳离子交换位点的结合态氮,是可转化态氮(TF-N)中最“活跃”的形态,易被植物吸收利用。
不同施肥处理对根际及非根际土壤离子交换态氮含量的影响
Effects of different fertilization treatments on ion exchange nitrogen content in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils
碳酸盐结合态氮(CF-N)是土壤中与碳酸盐和少量溶解性有机物结合的活性态氮,释放性能稍低于离子交换态氮(IEF-N),在酸性条件下容易向水体释放。如
不同施肥处理对根际及非根际土壤碳酸盐结合态氮含量的影响
Effects of different fertilization treatments on the content of carbonate-bound nitrogen in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils
铁锰氧化物结合态氮(IMOF-N)是可转化态氮中释放能力较弱的氮形态,对氧化还原环境很敏感,容易受到土壤铁锰氧化物含量的影响。
不同施肥处理对根际及非根际土壤铁锰氧化物结合态氮含量的影响
Effects of different fertilization treatments on the content of iron manganese oxide-bound nitrogen in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils
有机硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)主要是和稳定高分子腐殖质及硫化物结合的有机态氮,释放能力是4种可转化态氮中最弱的。如
不同施肥处理对根际及非根际土壤有机硫化物结合态氮含量的影响
Effects of different fertilization treatments on the content of organic sulfide-bound nitrogen in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils
在本研究中,化肥+生物质炭(CFB)和常规施肥(CF)处理较不施肥(CK)处理显著降低了非根际土和根际土的pH,这是因为化肥会大量提高土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,植株吸收铵态氮的过程中会释放H+,同时土壤铵态氮挥发损失和土壤硝态氮淋洗过程也会产生大量活性H+,因此导致土壤发生酸化[
本研究发现,CF处理的根际及非根际土壤铵态氮含量是最高的,配施生物质炭的MB和FMB处理较CF处理显著降低了非根际土壤的铵态氮含量,与王月玲[
在本文中,土壤可转化态氮(TF-N)含量占TN(全氮)含量的48.23%~71.72%,非可转化态氮(NTF-N)含量占TN含量的28.28%~51.77%,土壤氮素以可转化态氮(TF-N)为主,CFB处理较CF处理显著提高了土壤TF-N的占比,而降低了NTF-N的占比,MB和FMB处理较M处理显著提高了土壤TF-N的占比,而降低了NTF-N的占比,说明配施生物质炭能促进土壤氮素从无法被植物直接吸收利用的氮形态向有效性更高的氮形态转化。本文还发现:生物质炭能促进土壤非可转化态氮(NTF-N)向铁锰氧化物结合态氮(IMOF-N)和有机硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)这2种活性更高的氮形态转化,同时也有部分向碳酸盐结合态氮(CF-N)转化,这可能是因为生物质炭添加到土壤后,促进了土壤氮素的矿化作用,促进有机氮缓慢向无机氮转化,进而提高了土壤中有效性更高的氮素含量[
本研究中,施肥显著提高了非根际土和根际土的IEF-N含量,以单施化肥(CF)处理和化肥配施生物质炭(CFB)处理效果最好,化肥能促进土壤氮形态向IEF-N转化。因为化肥是直接将养分施入土壤中,能在短时间内迅速提高土壤的速效养分含量,但是植物只能吸收一小部分,剩下的氮素容易随水流失至地下水中,造成地下水污染等环境问题[
本研究发现,M、CFB、MB和FMB处理的根际及非根际土壤中CF-N含量均显著高于CF处理,以M和MB处理效果最好。一方面,因为M、CFB、MB和FMB处理较CF处理显著提高了土壤的pH,减少了土壤CF-N的释放,从而提高土壤CF-N的含量;另一方面,向土壤中施入有机肥和生物质炭能显著提高土壤有机质含量,增加土壤碳酸盐和有机物含量,从而促进土壤氮形态向CF-N转化。本文还发现,各处理根际土CF-N含量均显著高于非根际土,说明CF-N存在根际富集效应。这与王晓锋等[
在对可转化氮含量的研究中,4种可转化态氮(TF-N)在根际及非根际土壤中的含量占比从大到小依次为:IMOF-N > OSF-N > IEF-N > CF-N,说明铁锰氧化物结合态氮(IMOF-N)和有机硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)是土壤可转化态氮(TF-N)的主要成分。单施化肥或有机肥会导致土壤IMOF-N含量下降,而配施生物质炭能显著提高土壤IMOF-N含量,以新鲜有机肥+生物质炭(FMB)处理的效果最好,因为,生物质炭能够提高土壤的透气性,降低土壤的厌氧还原水平,有利于IMOF-N在土壤中稳定存在,从而提高土壤IMOF-N含量[
有机肥配施生物质炭(MB和FMB)处理能够显著提高根际及非根际土壤pH、根际土壤有机质和全氮含量。配施生物质炭能促进土壤非可转化态氮(NTF-N)向铁锰氧化物结合态氮(IMOF-N)和有机硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)这2种活性更高的氮形态转化。有机肥配施生物质炭(MB和FMB)处理不仅能显著改善根际和非根际土壤养分,还有利于根际和非根际土中非可转化态氮向有效态转化。有机肥配施生物质炭是改善根际及非根际土养分和调控氮转化有效的方式。
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