吴梦娜(1997—),女,天津人,硕士研究生,主要从事农田生态系统碳氮循环研究。E-mail:
探究不同秸秆还田方式下肥料氮在连续两季作物系统中的去向,为黑土地保护下的氮肥管理提供重要依据。于2020—2021年在吉林梨树开展大田微区试验,设置无秸秆还田(CK)、深翻还田(DTS)、免耕覆盖还田(NTS)3种秸秆还田方式,每种方式下设置2个施氮水平:180 kg·hm–2(N1)和270 kg·hm–2(N2)。结果表明:当季和第二季玉米成熟期植株氮分别有38.0%~46.8%和12.9%~18.6%来源于15N标记氮肥。肥料氮当季平均利用、残留和损失率分别为32.4%~43.9%、32.8%~51.4%和13.2%~32.7%,秸秆覆盖配施适量氮肥(180 kg·hm–2)处理下肥料氮当季利用率显著提高29.5%,而秸秆深翻还田则使肥料氮在土壤中的残留率显著增加18.2%。当季施用肥料氮仍有8.5%~14.9%被第二季玉米吸收利用,两季累积利用率达40.9%~58.8%,在高氮(270 kg·hm–2)下秸秆深翻还田显著提高肥料氮的第二季利用率及累积利用效率。综上,秸秆覆盖还田配施适量氮肥有利于提高肥料利用效率,而秸秆深翻还田更有利于高施氮量下土壤对肥料氮的保持,增加其被下季作物利用的机会,两者均能显著减少氮的损失。
Investigating the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in a two-season crop system under different straw returning methods can provide an important basis for nitrogen management under black soil protection.
This study conducted a 15N micro-plot experiment in 2020-2021 at Lishu County of Jilin Province using the 15N tracer technique. Three straw-returning methods were set up: no straw returning(CK), straw deep tillage returning(DTS) and straw mulching with no tillage(NTS). Under each method, two nitrogen levels were set: 180 kg·hm–2(N1)and 270 kg·hm–2(N2).
At maturity stage, 38.0%-46.8% and 12.9%-18.6% of plant nitrogen in the current season and the second season were derived from 15N labeled nitrogen fertilizer, respectively, and fertilizer nitrogen was mainly distributed in grains (59.8%-68.5% in the current season and 59.3%-79.6% in the second season). The utilization, residual and loss rates of fertilizer nitrogen in the current season were 32.4%-43.9%, 32.8%-51.4% and 13.2%-32.7%, respectively. The NTS combined with an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer (180 kg·hm–2) significantly increased the utilization rate of fertilizer nitrogen by 29.5%, while DTS significantly increased the residual rate of fertilizer nitrogen in soil by 18.2%. Also, the utilization and loss rates of fertilizer nitrogen in the second season were 8.5%-14.9% and 5.1%-14.6%, respectively. The cumulative utilization, residual and loss rates were 40.9%-58.8%, 10.4%-26.4% and 18.4%-47.3%, respectively. Compared with CK, NTS treatment significantly increased fertilizer nitrogen utilization efficiency by 18.3% (N1) and 45.9% (N2) in the second season, while the DTS treatment significantly increased fertilizer nitrogen utilization efficiency in the second season by 42.3% under N2. For the total fate of fertilizer nitrogen in two crops, compared with CK, NTS treatment significantly increased the cumulative utilization efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen by 26.4% (N1) and 21.8% (N2), while DTS treatment significantly increased the total residual rate of fertilizer nitrogen by 64.0% (N1) and 72.9% (N2). In addition, the NTS and DTS treatments significantly reduced the total losses of fertilizer nitrogen. Compared with N2, the N1 treatment significantly increased the utilization and residual rates of fertilizer nitrogen and reduced the loss rate of fertilizer nitrogen in two seasons.
Straw mulching combined with an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to improve fertilizer use efficiency while straw deep plowing is more conducive for the maintenance of fertilizer nitrogen in the soil, especially under high nitrogen application rate, and increases the use efficiency by next crop. Both straw mulching and straw deep plowing could significantly reduce nitrogen loss.
东北黑土地是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,2020年东北三省玉米播种面积和总产量分别占全国的30.2%和32.3%[
关于肥料氮在土壤-作物系统中的去向国内外已有大量报道,例如,Quan等[
目前,东北玉米秸秆直接还田主要以免耕覆盖和深翻还田为主,免耕覆盖还田可有效防止土壤侵蚀,减少地表水分蒸发和径流,提高土壤蓄水能力[
试验于2020—2021年在吉林省梨树县中国农业大学吉林梨树实验站(43°16′N,124°26′E)进行,研究区域属温带半湿润大陆性季风气候,年平均降水量为614 mm,年平均温度6.8℃。供试土壤为薄层黑土,试验田耕层土壤基本理化性状为:pH 6.1、有机质18.9 g·kg–1、全氮1.27 g·kg–1、碱解氮84.0 mg·kg–1、有效磷23.9 mg·kg–1、速效钾183.0 mg·kg–1。
试验设置两种不同秸秆还田方式,即秸秆深翻还田(DTS)和免耕覆盖还田(NTS)以及无秸秆还田对照处理(CK);每种还田方式下设置两个施氮水平,即施氮量180 kg·hm–2(N1)和270 kg·hm–2(N2)。每个处理重复3次,共18个小区,小区面积144 m2(7.2 m×20 m)。氮肥为尿素(含N 46%),采用基追比1︰2的方式施入,磷肥为过磷酸钙(P2O516%),钾肥为氯化钾(K2O60%),施用量均为90 kg·hm–2,作为基肥在播前一次性施入。种植的玉米品种为良玉99,种植密度为每公顷65 000株。试验地区为雨养农业,无灌溉。玉米于每年5月中旬播种,10月初收获。
为监测肥料氮素去向,在每个小区内设置微区,开展15N示踪试验,微区由镀锌铁皮制成,面积为0.6 m2(1 m×0.6 m),埋入深度为0.45 m,每个微区种植4株玉米。微区内施用丰度10.11%的15N标记尿素,施用方式、用量与大区相同,第二季作物施用等量的未标记氮肥。
玉米成熟后在每个微区内紧贴地面采集4株15N标记植株,将其分离为茎秆、叶片、籽粒、苞叶、穗轴五部分。将各部分植株样品置于105℃烘箱内杀青30 min,然后置于70℃的烘箱中烘干至恒重,测定其质量。每一部分取适量样品用行星球磨机(XGB04型,格瑞德曼,长春市海涵仪器有限公司)磨碎,过0.15 mm筛,用于测定样品中全氮含量与15N丰度。在每个微区选取3个点,用直径为4 cm土钻采集0-100 cm土壤样品,每20 cm一层,并将3个点的土壤样品混合为1个样品。取样后,将取样孔用性质相同的土壤填充、压实,以保证填充后的土壤容重接近原土壤,此过程注意防止上层15N对下层土壤的污染,最后用标杆对取样位置进行标记。土壤样品风干后,研磨过0.15 mm筛,用于测定全氮和15N丰度。植物和土壤中的全氮含量和15N丰度分别采用凯氏定氮仪(KDY-9820型,KETUO,北京市通润源机电技术有限责任公司)和同位素质谱仪(MAT-253,Thermo Fisher,美国)测定。
植株吸氮量/(kg·hm–2)=植株干物质重/(kg·hm–2)×植株中氮浓度/(g·kg–1)/1000
植株或土壤中氮素来源于肥料氮的比例Ndff:
Ndff/%=(测试样品中15N丰度–15N自然丰度)/(肥料中15N丰度–15N自然丰度)×100
植株氮素来自土壤氮的比例Ndfs/%=1–Ndffp
式中,Ndffp为植株中氮素来源于肥料氮的比例。
土壤各层来自15N肥料氮的量/(kg·hm–2)=土层厚度/cm×土壤容重/(g·cm–3)×氮浓度/(g·kg–1)×Ndffs×100
式中,Ndffs为土壤中氮素来源于肥料氮的比例。
肥料氮利用率/%=作物肥料氮吸收量/(kg·hm–2)/肥料氮施用量/(kg·hm–2)× 100
肥料氮残留率/%=土壤中肥料氮残留量/(kg·hm–2)/肥料氮施用量/(kg·hm–2)× 100
氮素总损失率/% =1–肥料氮利用率/% –肥料氮残留率/%
数据处理采用DPS软件双因素方差分析(ANOVA),处理间差异采用最小显著极差法(LSD)进行比较,
2020—2021年各处理玉米籽粒产量分别为10 395~12 527 kg·hm–2和10 808~12 519 kg·hm–2(
不同秸秆还田方式和施氮量下植株氮来源于15N标记尿素(Ndffp)和土壤(Ndfs)比例
Ratio of nitrogen source from 15N labeled urea(Ndffp)and soil(Ndfs)under different straw returning methods and nitrogen application rate
氮肥处理 | 秸秆还田方式① | Ndffp/% | Ndfs/%(2020) | 籽粒产量 |
总吸氮量 |
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2020 | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | ||||
注:同一列不同小写字母表示在相同施氮量下不同秸秆还田方式间差异显著( |
|||||||||
N1 | CK | 38.0b | 13.8a | 62.0a | 10 395b | 11 073a | 160.1b | 163.5b | |
DTS | 38.0b | 13.7a | 62.0a | 10 735b | 10 808a | 167.3b | 172.6b | ||
NTS | 40.3a | 12.9a | 59.7a | 12 527a | 11 390a | 195.9a | 207.5a | ||
N2 | CK | 46.8a | 13.4b | 53.2b | 11 303ab | 12 519a | 186.8b | 170.4b | |
DTS | 46.3ab | 18.6a | 53.7ab | 11 138b | 11 913a | 223.5a | 174.8b | ||
NTS | 44.1b | 15.1b | 55.9a | 12 473a | 11 821a | 228.7a | 222.6a |
成熟期植株中氮有38.0%~46.8%来源于当季15N标记肥料,有53.2%~62.0%来源于土壤,说明土壤仍然是作物吸收氮素的主要来源。在N1水平下,与CK相比,NTS显著提高了当季植株氮来源于肥料氮的比例,而在N2水平下,结果则相反。说明秸秆覆盖配合适量的氮肥有助于植株对肥料氮的吸收[
就不同氮肥用量而言,与N1相比,N2处理显著增加当季植株氮来源于肥料氮的比例,并且显著提高了第二季秸秆覆盖和深翻还田处理下植株氮来源于残留肥料氮的比例。
如
不同秸秆还田方式下当季施入的15N标记氮肥在两季作物植株各器官的分布
Distribution of 15N labeled nitrogen fertilizer applied in different straw returning methods in different organs of crop plants in two seasons
当季玉米收获后0~100 cm土层15N总残留量为75.4~107.3 kg·hm–2,占15N总施入量的32.8%~51.4%,且主要分布于0~40 cm土层(占总残留量的76.2%~87.5%);第二季玉米收获后,仍有28.0~55.2 kg·hm–2肥料氮残留在0~100 cm土层,占15N总施入量的10.4%~26.4%,且残留肥料氮主要分布于0~20 cm土层(
两季玉米收获后土壤中残留15N肥料在0~100 cm土层的分布
Distribution of residual 15N fertilizer in 0-100 cm soil layer after maize harvest
与CK、NTS相比,DTS处理显著提高了0~100 cm土层肥料氮残留量,增幅分别达17.9%、20.7%(当季)和69.0%、48.7%(第二季)。这可能是由于秸秆深翻增加了土壤微生物和酶的活性,进而促进了土壤对氮素的生物固持作用[
就不同施氮量而言,N1和N2处理下肥料氮当季在0~100 cm土层的平均残留率分别为45.4%和35.8%,第二季分别为21.8%和14.2%。与N1相比,N2处理显著降低了肥料氮在0~100 cm土层的残留率,但由于N2处理较高的施氮量,其总残留量显著提高。这与刘新宇等[
作物吸收、土壤残留和损失是氮肥进入土壤-作物系统后的三个基本去向。本研究中不同秸秆还田方式和施氮量下的肥料氮当季利用率、土壤残留率和损失率分别为32.4%~43.9%、32.8%~51.4%和13.2%~32.7%(
不同秸秆还田方式和施氮量下15N标记氮肥在两季作物中的去向
Fate of 15N-labeled nitrogen fertilizer applied in the current season under different straw returning methods and nitrogen application rates in the two-season crop system
氮肥处理① | 秸秆还田方式② | 利用率 |
残留率 |
损失率 |
|||||||
2020 | 2021 | 两年总量③ | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 两年总量③ | ||||
Nitrogen treatment,②Straw returning method,③Total amount of two years. | |||||||||||
N1 | CK | 33.9b | 12.6b | 46.5b | 41.9b | 16.1c | 24.2a | 13.2a | 37.4a | ||
DTS | 35.4b | 13.1b | 48.5b | 51.4a | 26.4a | 13.2b | 11.9a | 25.1b | |||
NTS | 43.9a | 14.9a | 58.8a | 42.8b | 22.8b | 13.3b | 5.1b | 18.4b | |||
N2 | CK | 32.4a | 8.5b | 40.9b | 34.9b | 11.8b | 32.7a | 14.6a | 47.3a | ||
DTS | 38.3a | 12.1a | 50.4a | 39.7a | 20.4a | 22.0b | 7.2c | 29.2c | |||
NTS | 37.4a | 12.4a | 49.8a | 32.8b | 10.4b | 29.8a | 10.0b | 39.8b |
当季残留在土壤中的肥料氮可在不同程度上被后季作物继续利用,是扩充土壤氮库、提高土壤供氮能力的重要来源,其有效性受作物、施肥、土壤肥力和气候等多种因素的影响,因此,需足够重视所施用肥料的残留效应在氮素养分资源管理中的重要作用。本研究中,当季残留肥料氮有24.3%~37.8%被第二季玉米吸收利用,有31.6%~53.3%继续残留在0~100 cm土层,又有11.8%~41.9%损失至环境中。王少杰[
当季标记15N肥料在两季作物中累积利用率、残留率和损失率为40.9%~58.8%、10.4%~26.4%和18.4%~47.3%。盆栽条件下的研究[
不同施用量下肥料氮在土壤中的残留率、损失率具有显著差异。与N1相比,N2显著降低肥料氮的当季和累积土壤残留率,却增加了其损失率。同一秸秆还田方式下,残留率随施氮量的增加而降低,损失率呈相反趋势。潘圣刚等[
黑土玉米农田不同秸秆还田方式下肥料氮的当季和累积利用效率分别达32.4%~43.9%、40.9%~ 58.8%,秸秆覆盖还田配施适量氮肥有利于提高肥料氮的当季和累积利用效率,而秸秆深翻还田则显著增加了肥料氮在土壤中的残留率,有利于土壤对肥料氮的保持,特别是在高氮用量情况下,增加氮肥被下季作物利用的机会,两种还田方式均能显著减少肥料氮的损失。
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