<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing-oasis-article1-3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="zh">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TRXB</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>土壤学报</journal-title>
<journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Pedologica Sinica</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0564-3929</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>土壤学报编辑部</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>中国南京</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">trxb-61-4-964</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.11766/trxb202212060674</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">S157</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">A</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>研究论文</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
<subject>Research Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>基于稀土氧化物示踪法探究冻融循环对黑土团聚体周转的影响</article-title>
<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Effects of Freeze-thaw Cycles on Soil Aggregates Turnover in Mollisols Using Rare Earth Oxides as Tracers</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
      </title-group> 
<contrib-group>
			  <contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="eastern">
<surname>刘</surname>
<given-names>雅俊</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
<surname>LIU</surname>
<given-names>Yajun</given-names>
</name>
</name-alternatives>
<bio>

<p>刘雅俊（1997—），男，山西忻州人，硕士研究生，研究方向为土壤水分与结构。E-mail：<email>lyj4878@163.com</email></p>

</bio>
<email>lyj4878@163.com</email>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="eastern">
<surname>刘</surname>
<given-names>帅</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
<surname>LIU</surname>
<given-names>Shuai</given-names>
</name>
</name-alternatives>
<email>sliu@issas.ac.cn</email>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">&#42;</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="eastern">
<surname>甘</surname>
<given-names>磊</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
<surname>GAN</surname>
<given-names>Lei</given-names>
</name>
</name-alternatives>
<email>allen_gl2006@163.com</email>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor2">&#42;</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="eastern">
<surname>张</surname>
<given-names>中彬</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
<surname>ZHANG</surname>
<given-names>Zhongbin</given-names>
</name>
</name-alternatives>
			    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="eastern">
<surname>彭</surname>
<given-names>新华</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
<surname>PENG</surname>
<given-names>Xinhua</given-names>
</name>
</name-alternatives>
			    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
      </contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>桂林理工大学广西岩溶地区水污染控制与用水安全保障协同创新中心, 广西桂林 541004</addr-line>
<addr-line xml:lang="en">Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>中国科学院南京土壤研究所, 南京 201008</addr-line>
<addr-line xml:lang="en">Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">刘帅, E-mail：<email>sliu@issas.ac.cn</email>
</corresp>
<corresp id="cor2">甘磊, E-mail：<email>allen_gl2006@163.com</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>

<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>11</day> 
<month>7</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date> 

<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>22</day> 
<month>8</month> 
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>

<volume>61</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<issue-id>2024-4</issue-id> 
<fpage>964</fpage>
<lpage>977</lpage> 

<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>6</day> 
<month>12</month> 
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>22</day> 
<month>5</month> 
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>

<permissions>
<copyright-statement>版权所有&#169;《土壤学报》编辑部2024</copyright-statement>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright &#169;2024 Acta Pedologica Sinica. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
</permissions> 
<abstract>

<p>为区分土壤团聚体形成和破碎过程，阐明冻融循环对黑土土壤结构的影响，本文利用稀土氧化物（REOs）示踪技术，通过室内模拟实验，探究不同初始含水量（50%田间持水量（T50）<italic>vs.</italic> 100%田间持水量（T100））和冻融循环次数（0次、3次、6次、12次和20次）对团聚体粒径分布、平均质量直径（MWD）以及团聚体周转过程的影响。结果表明：同一初始含水量下，随着冻融循环次数的增加，MWD、&#62;0.25 mm和&#60;0.053 mm团聚体含量显著降低，0.25~0.053 mm团聚体含量显著增加（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。6次冻融循环后，T50处理下的MWD显著高于T100处理（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05），5~2 mm和&#60;0.25 mm团聚体含量无显著差异。除5~2 mm团聚体外，相邻粒级团聚体之间周转更为激烈；在同一冻融循环次数下，5~2 mm团聚体向0.25~0.053 mm团聚体的破碎量在T100处理下显著高于T50处理（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。冻融循环促进了&#62;0.25 mm团聚体的破碎和＜0.053 mm团聚体的团聚，表现为0.25~0.053 mm团聚体的累积。冻融循环过程中，MWD与各粒径团聚体相对形成量呈显著正相关，与其相对破碎量呈显著负相关（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。随着冻融循环次数的增加，各粒径团聚体周转时间显著增加（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。同一冻融循环次数下，&#62;0.25 mm团聚体的周转时间高于&#60;0.25 mm团聚体，T100处理下的团聚体周转时间显著高于T50处理（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。综上所述，冻融循环次数和土壤初始含水量通过影响团聚体形成和破碎过程改变土壤结构的稳定性。本研究结果可为进一步探究冻融循环下黑土土壤结构变化提供理论依据。</p>

</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">

<sec>
<title>Objective</title>
<p>To elucidate the effects of freeze-thaw cycles and initial water content on soil structure, rare earth oxides(REOs)were used as tracers to separate soil aggregates formation and breakdown processes.</p>
</sec>



<sec>
<title>Method</title>
<p>REOs-labelled soil was reformed and investigated herein. Two initial water contents(50% field water holding capacity(T50)<italic>vs.</italic> 100% field water holding capacity (T100)) and five freeze-thaw cycles (0, 3, 6, 12 and 20 cycles) were involved in the simulation experiments. Soil aggregates distribution, mean weight diameter (MWD), and the aggregate turnover process were measured accordingly.</p>
</sec>



<sec>
<title>Result</title>
<p>The results showed that freeze-thaw cycles significantly reduced MWD,&#62;0.25 mm aggregates and&#60;0.053 mm aggregates proportions, but increased the contents of 0.25~0.053 mm aggregates under the same initial water content. After 6 freeze-thaw cycles, MWD was significantly (<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05) higher under T50 compared with that under T100, but there were no significant differences between the contents of 5~2 mm and&#60;0.25 mm aggregates. Except for 5~2 mm aggregates, the intensive transformation between neighboring size aggregates was observed during the whole simulation experiments. In the same freeze-thaw cycles, the transformation proportions from 5~2 mm to 0.25~0.053 mm aggregate were significantly (<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05) higher under T100 compared with T50 treatment. The freeze-thaw cycles promoted the breakdown of&#62;0.25 mm aggregates and the formation of 0.25~0.053 mm aggregates both under T50 and T100 treatments. Also, MWD was significantly positively correlated with the relative formation of soil aggregates and negatively related with the relative breakdown of soil aggregates (<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05). The turnover time of soil aggregate remarkably increased with the freeze-thaw cycles (<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05) and the aggregate turnover time of&#62;0.25 mm aggregates was higher than that of&#60;0.25 mm aggregates. Comparatively, the aggregate turnover time was significantly higher under T100 than that under T50 with the same freeze-thaw cycle (<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05).</p>
</sec>



<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The freeze-thaw cycles and soil initial water content significantly affect the aggregate turnover. Both parameters change the stability of soil structure by affecting the aggregate formation and fragmentation processes. The results provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of the structural changes of black soil under freeze-thaw cycles.</p>
</sec>


</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-created">
		<kwd>冻融循环</kwd>
		<kwd>团聚体周转</kwd>
		<kwd>黑土</kwd>
		<kwd>稀土氧化物</kwd>
		<kwd>团聚体稳定性</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-created" xml:lang="en">
		<kwd>Freeze-thaw cycles</kwd>
		<kwd>Aggregate turnover</kwd>
		<kwd>Mollisols</kwd>
		<kwd>Rare earth oxides</kwd>
		<kwd>Soil aggregate stability</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

<funding-group>
    <award-group>
        <funding-source country="CN">国家重点研发专项</funding-source>
        <award-id>2021YFD1500801</award-id>
    </award-group>
    <award-group>
        <funding-source country="CN">国家自然科学基金项目</funding-source>
        <award-id>42207360</award-id>
    </award-group>
    <award-group>
        <funding-source country="CN">江苏省卓越博士后计划</funding-source>
        <award-id>2022ZB466</award-id>
    </award-group>
    <award-group>
        <funding-source country="CN">中国博士后科学基金项目</funding-source>
        <award-id>2022M723238</award-id>
    </award-group>
<funding-statement>国家重点研发专项（2021YFD1500801）、国家自然科学基金项目（42207360）、江苏省卓越博士后计划（2022ZB466）和中国博士后科学基金项目（2022M723238）共同资助</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<funding-group xml:lang="en">
    <award-group>
        <funding-source country="US">national Key Research and Development Program</funding-source>
        <award-id>2021YFD1500801</award-id>
    </award-group>
    <award-group>
        <funding-source country="US">National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
        <award-id>2021YFD1500801</award-id>
    </award-group>
    <award-group>
        <funding-source country="US">Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent</funding-source>
        <award-id>2022ZB466</award-id>
    </award-group>
    <award-group>
        <funding-source country="US">China Postdoctoral Science Foundation</funding-source>
        <award-id>2022M723238</award-id>
    </award-group>
<funding-statement>Supported by national Key Research and Development Program(No. 2021YFD1500801), National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 42207360), Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(No. 2022ZB466), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No. 2022M723238)</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</article-meta> 
</front>
<body>
<sec id="s0"><title/>
<p>我国典型黑土耕地面积约为1853.33万公顷，贡献了全国近1/4的粮食产量，商品粮输出量占全国总量的1/3，是保障国家粮食安全的“压舱石” <sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>]</sup>。但是，长期高强度“重用轻养”的农业利用方式导致黑土土壤结构变差<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref>]</sup>，与20世纪80年代相比，黑土区耕层土壤团聚体水稳性和抗水侵蚀能力逐年降低<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref>]</sup>。加之东北地区地处高纬度，冬季昼夜温差大，冻融循环现象明显，进一步破坏土壤结构<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref>]</sup>。因此，研究冻融循环下土壤结构的动态变化对阻控黑土地退化、提升耕地质量具有重要意义。</p>

<p>土壤团聚体是表征土壤结构最重要的指标，也是构成土壤的基本骨架，其稳定性显著影响土壤功能<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>]</sup>。团聚体稳定性常用团聚体平均质量直径（MWD）表征，大量研究表明，冻融循环次数和土壤初始含水量是影响团聚体粒径分布和MWD的主要因素<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref>]</sup>。基于室内模拟冻融循环实验，王文刚等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>]</sup>提出随着冻融次数的增加，&#62;0.50 mm团聚体含量减少，&#60;0.50 mm团聚体含量增加，MWD降低；而Wang等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref>]</sup>报道在9次冻融循环过程中，&#62;0.25 mm团聚体含量减小，&#60;0.25 mm团聚体增加，MWD呈现减小趋势后趋于稳定。刘绪军等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">10</xref>]</sup>则发现与对照组相比，经过5次冻融周期后，&#62;0.25 mm团聚体含量和MWD均持续降低。顾汪明等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref>]]</sup>研究结果一致，在30次冻融循环实验中随着冻融次数的增加，&#62;1 mm团聚体含量显著降低，&#60;1 mm团聚体含量显著增加，导致MWD下降，且该现象随着土壤含水量的增加而增加。而牛浩等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref>]</sup>对克山黑土的研究表明，在50%田间持水量条件下，随着冻融次数的增加，&#62;0.25 mm团聚体含量显著增加，MWD则呈现上升趋势；而在100%田间持水量条件下，随着冻融次数的增加，&#62;0.25 mm团聚体占比增加，MWD显著下降。目前，土壤结构随土壤初始含水量和冻融循环次数的响应并无定论，多聚焦于土壤团聚体粒径分布特征和MWD动态变化，忽略了冻融循环作用下团聚体形成和破碎过程的影响，无法进一步解析土壤结构动态变化的内在驱动机制。</p>

<p>利用稀土氧化物（REOs）在土壤中背景浓度低、吸附性高和稳定性强的优点，可将其作为示踪剂区分团聚体形成和破碎路径，量化分析团聚体的周转过程<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref>]</sup>。利用REOs示踪技术，前人先后探究了老成土<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref>]</sup>、淋溶土<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref>，<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">20</xref>]</sup>、变性土<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref>]</sup>和软土<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref>]</sup>的团聚体周转路径，共同指出外源有机物的添加会促进稳定性大团聚体的形成、减少其破碎。但现有研究均基于室内培养或盆栽实验，关注外源有机物性质<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref>]</sup>、氮肥施用量<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref>]</sup>、微生物<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">20</xref>]</sup>、植物根系<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref>]</sup>等因素的作用下团聚体的周转过程，忽略了实际情况下的土壤物理过程（如冻融循环等）带来的影响。本文将利用REOs示踪技术，探究不同初始含水量下冻融循环次数对黑土土壤团聚体粒径分布和MWD的影响，量化团聚体破碎与形成路径，解析土壤结构动态变化的内在过程，研究结果将为进一步探究冻融循环下黑土土壤结构变化提供理论依据。</p>

</sec>


<sec id="s1">
<label>1</label>
<title>材料与方法</title>
<sec id="s1-1">
<label>1.1</label>
<title>供试土壤</title>
<p>供试土样取自海伦市国家野外科学观测研究站（47°26′ N，126°38′ E），位于黑龙江省中部的海伦市，地处小兴安岭向松嫩平原的过渡带，属于温带地区的南缘。年平均气温和年均有效积温分别为1.5 ℃和2450 ℃，年均降雨量为530 mm，年均日照为2600~2800 h，无霜期为125 d，季节性冻层发生时间为每年的11月初至翌年5月中下旬，冻层发育深度约为160~230 cm<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">23</xref>]</sup>。野外采样时用100 cm<sup>3</sup>环刀采集表层原状土（0~20 cm），土壤基本理化性质的测定方法参照土壤农业化学分析标准方法<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref>]</sup>进行。采用压力膜仪（–33 kPa）测定田间持水量，烘干法测定容重。扰动样品采用5点法取混合样，去除石块、根系等杂物后室内自然风干后过5 mm筛备用。土壤过2 mm筛后测定其基本理化性质，pH采用1︰2.5土水比电位法测定，土壤质地采用吸管法测定，土壤有机质采用重铬酸钾氧化法测定。土壤基本理化性状详见<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table1">表 1</xref>。</p>

<table-wrap id="Table1">
<label>1</label><caption>
<p>供试土壤基本理化性质</p>
<p xml:lang="en">Basic physical and chemical properties of the test soil</p>
</caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">土壤类型<break/>Soil type</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">有机质Organic matter/（g&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>）</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">pH</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">田间持水量<break/>Field water capacity/<break/>%</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">容重Soil bulk density/<break/>（g&#183;cm<sup>–3</sup>）</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">砂粒Sand/<break/>%</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">粉粒Silt/<break/>%</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">黏粒Clay/<break/>%</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border2 table_bottom_border" align="center">黑土Black soil</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2 table_bottom_border" align="center">34.76</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2 table_bottom_border" align="center">6.78</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2 table_bottom_border" align="center">34.00</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2 table_bottom_border" align="center">1.25</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2 table_bottom_border" align="center">9.87</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2 table_bottom_border" align="center">54.33</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2 table_bottom_border" align="center">35.80</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>


<sec id="s1-2">
<label>1.2</label>
<title>试验设计</title>
<p>（1）稀土氧化物标记的重组土样。本研究使用的四种稀土氧化物La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>和Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>均购买自中国上海合力稀土材料公司，其纯度为&#62;99.99%。REOs的平均直径（D50）为3.2~5.2 μm，颗粒密度为6.5~7.6 Mg&#183;m<sup>–3</sup>。土壤中稀土氧化物La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>和Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>背景值分别为41.72 mg&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>、7.7 mg&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>、28.58 mg&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>和6.49 mg&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>。</p>

<p>本研究中采用湿混法标记土壤<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>]</sup>，其中稀土氧化物的添加浓度为500 mg&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>。以La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>为例，标记土壤5 000 g，所需蒸馏水量1 020 g，根据土壤质量称取2.5 g的La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>和500 g蒸馏水配置成溶液后，均匀喷施于待标记的土壤中，最后少量多次润洗喷壶后喷洒土中，使其达到田间持水量的60%。将装有标记土壤的置物箱放于恒温培养箱中，在4℃条件下静置3 d以使水分平衡，后取出放入40℃烘箱中烘48 h。过5 mm筛，得到La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>标记的土样，再通过Elliott湿筛法<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>]</sup>获得该元素标记的不同粒径团聚体。湿筛方法即将50 g烘干的土壤（过5 mm筛）样品在室温下放置于孔径2 mm直径为20 cm筛上，在蒸馏水中浸泡5 min，将筛子上下震荡，幅度为3 cm，频率为2 min内50次，震动结束后，残留在筛子上的团聚体为5~2 mm团聚体。将剩余的液体继续依次通过0.25 mm、0.053 mm的筛子，震动方式相同，同时得到2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.053 mm和&#60;0.053 mm的团聚体。蒸馏水冲洗得到的各级别团聚体，在40℃下烘干24 h，称重。</p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>1</label><tex-math id="E1">\begin{document}
$ {\text{MWD}} = \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {\frac{{{{\text{r}}_{{\text{i}} - 1}} + {r_i}}}{2} \times {w_i}} $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p>式中，MWD为平均质量直径，<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>i</italic></sub>为第<italic>i</italic>个筛子孔径（mm），<italic>r</italic><sub>0</sub>=<italic>r</italic><sub>1</sub>，<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>n</italic></sub>=<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>n</italic>+1</sub>，<italic>w</italic><sub><italic>i</italic></sub>为第<italic>i</italic>个筛子的破碎团聚体质量百分比。</p>

<p>其他稀土元素标记的土壤团聚体同样按照该方法获得。湿筛后收集不同REOs标记的团聚体，称重并根据原始土壤样品中团聚体的百分比重新组合到一个新的土柱中，可以得到（A）以Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>为标记的5~2 mm团聚体，（B）以La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>为标记的2~0.25 mm团聚体，（C）以Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>为标记的0.25~0.053 mm团聚体，（D）以Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>为标记的&#60;0.053 mm团聚体。将重组后的土壤用平板轻轻装入PVC土柱中（直径为5 cm，高度为3 cm），控制容重为1.25 g&#183;cm<sup>–3</sup></p>

<p>（2）室内冻融循环实验。基于野外调查和实际气温的资料，试验设计了2种不同的初始含水量，即50%和100%的田间持水量，分别记为T50和T100。用滴管向PVC环刀（直径5cm，高3 cm）中加入实验设置水量，随后用保鲜膜覆盖，用针头在保鲜膜上扎小孔保持通气。结合当地的实际气温资料，设置冻结温度为–15℃，解冻温度为10℃。把PVC土柱放入恒温培养箱4℃平衡2 h后，将样品放置到–15℃下11 h模拟冻结现象，然后放置在10 ℃下11 h模拟解冻现象，冻融和平衡水分时间一共为24 h，为1次冻融循环。下次冻融处理前称重并用滴管补充水分至实验设定的初始含水量。设置5个冻融循环处理，分别为0次、3次、6次、12次和20次冻融循环，每个处理设置3个重复，共有30个PVC土柱。分别在第0、3、6、12和20天进行采样，每个处理每次破坏性采取3个PVC土柱，后放入40℃烘箱烘干备用。</p>

</sec>


<sec id="s1-3">
<label>1.3</label>
<title>指标测定</title>
<p>（1）稀土氧化物浓度的测定。本文各粒级团聚体中稀土元素含量的测定采用碱熔法<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref>]</sup>。取0.1250 g土样放入氧化铝坩埚中，然后加入1.00 g过氧化物（Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>）混匀并在表面均匀覆盖0.25 g Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>，放于700℃马弗炉中保温熔融15 min。待冷却后从马弗炉中取出坩埚，然后将其放入装有热水的烧杯中，置于350℃的电热板上加热溶解3 h。冷却后，用慢速定量滤纸过滤，将滤纸上的沉淀冲洗到滴有酚酞的250 mL容量瓶中，用1%（质量分数）硝酸（HNO<sub>3</sub>）冲洗沉淀至溶液无色时加入2 mL浓盐酸（98%），蒸馏水定容后转移10 ml溶液至离心管中，密封保存，上电感耦合等离子体质谱仪上（Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry，ICP-MS）测定。</p>

<p>（2）稀土氧化物回收率计算。标记回收率用于表征REOs标记过程的有效率，即在减去土壤背景值的基础上，土样在湿筛前的REOs含量与500 mg&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>的添加量的比值<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>]</sup>。标记回收率越高，标记过程中造成的损失越小。</p>

<p>稀土元素标记回收率的计算如下：</p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>2</label><tex-math id="E2">\begin{document}
$ {\text{LR}}(\% ) = \frac{{{\text{LC}} - {\text{BC}}}}{{{\text{AC}}}} \times 100 $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p>式中，LR为标记团聚体过程中的标记回收率（%），LC为标记后土壤中REO<sub>S</sub>的浓度（mg&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>），BC和AC为土壤中稀土元素的背景浓度和添加浓度（本研究中添加浓度为500 mg&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>）。</p>

<p>湿筛回收率<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>]</sup>为湿筛后4个粒级内REOs总质量与湿筛前标记土壤内REOs元素总质量的比值。其中，湿筛后各粒级团聚体内REOs含量，即为REOs实际吸附含量，通过上机测定REOs浓度后换算得到；结合各粒级团聚体质量及其REOs含量得到湿筛后土壤中REOs的总质量。湿筛回收率越高，反映出REOs与土壤颗粒结合能力越强，说明标记方法在后续冻融过程中所计算的团聚体周转路径越可靠。</p>

<p>湿筛后土壤中REOs的湿筛回收率（%）：</p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>3</label><tex-math id="E3">\begin{document}
$ {\text{WR}}(\% ) = \frac{{\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {{w_i} \times {C_i} - {\text{BC}}} }}{{{\text{LC}} - {\text{BC}}}} \times 100 $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p>式中，WR为湿筛后土壤中REOs的回收率（%）。<italic>w</italic><sub><italic>i</italic></sub>为湿筛后各团聚体的质量比例（%），<italic>C</italic><sub><italic>i</italic></sub>为湿筛后REOs在团聚体中的浓度（mg&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>），n为团聚体分级数（n = 4）。</p>

</sec>


<sec id="s1-4">
<label>1.4</label>
<title>团聚体周转路径</title>
<p>本研究参照Peng等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref>]</sup>REOs示踪计算团聚体周转速率的方法来进行计算周转路径及其周转时间<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>]</sup>，即4种示踪粒径的团聚体（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure1">图 1</xref>）：A（5~2 mm团聚体），B（2~0.25 mm团聚体），C（0.25~0.053 mm团聚体）和D（&#60;0.053 mm团聚体）。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure2">图 2</xref>所示，4种团聚体存在12条各级团聚体周转路径，分别为破碎方向的a~f 6种路径和形成方向的g~l 6种路径，时间t<sub>1</sub>至时间t<sub>2</sub>之间的传递可以总结为离散变换矩阵K（t<sub>2</sub>-t<sub>1</sub>）：</p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>4</label><tex-math id="E4">\begin{document}
$\mathrm{K}\left(t_2-t_1\right)=\left[\begin{array}{lccc}1-a-d-f &#38; g &#38; j &#38; l \\ a &#38; 1-g-b-e &#38; h &#38; k \\ d &#38; b &#38; 1-j-h-c &#38; i \\ f &#38; e &#38; c &#38; 1-l-k-i\end{array}\right]$
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>


<fig id="Figure1">
<label>1</label>
<caption>
<p>稀土氧化物标记土壤团聚体流程图</p>
<p xml:lang="en">The flow chart of the soil recombined by REOs labelled four different aggregate fractions</p>
</caption>
<alt-text><![CDATA[注：A，B，C和D分别代表5~2 mm，2~0.25mm，0.25~0.053 mm和&#60;0.053 mm团聚体。]]>
</alt-text>
<alt-text xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Note: A, B, C and D indicate 5~2 mm, 2~0.25mm, 0.25~0.053 mm, and&#60;0.053 mm aggregates.]]>
</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="trxb-61-4-964-1.jpg"></graphic>
</fig>

<fig id="Figure2">
<label>2</label>
<caption>
<p>团聚体周转路径</p>
<p xml:lang="en">The 12 possible transformation pathways among four different aggregate size fractions</p>
</caption>
<alt-text><![CDATA[注：A，B，C和D分别代表5~2 mm，2~0.25 mm，0.25~0.053 mm和&#60;0.053 mm团聚体。字母a~f是破碎路径，g~l是形成路径。]]>
</alt-text>
<alt-text xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Note: A, B, C and D stands for 5-2 mm, 2-0.25 mm, 0.25-0.053 mm and&#60;0.053 mm aggregates. The letters a-f are breakdown directions and g-l are buildup directions.]]>
</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="trxb-61-4-964-2.jpg"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>式中，K（t<sub>2</sub>-t<sub>1</sub>）为A、B、C或D从t<sub>1</sub>至t<sub>2</sub>时间内的质量百分比的变化。</p>

<p>在团聚体破碎（BD）或形成（BU）上，t<sub>1</sub>至t<sub>2</sub>培养期间A、B、C组分的质量百分比变化如下：</p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>5</label><tex-math id="E5">\begin{document}
$ {\text{BD}}({\text{A}}) = ({a_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {a_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) + ({d_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {d_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) + ({f_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {f_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>6</label><tex-math id="E6">\begin{document}
$ {\text{BD}}({\text{B}}) = ({b_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {b_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) + ({e_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {e_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>7</label><tex-math id="E7">\begin{document}
$ {\text{BD}}({\text{C}}) = ({c_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {c_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>8</label><tex-math id="E8">\begin{document}
$ {\text{BU}}({\text{A}}) = \frac{{({g_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {g_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) \times {m_{\text{B}}} + ({j_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {j_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) \times {m_{\text{C}}} + ({l_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {l_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) \times {m_{\text{D}}}}}{{{m_{\text{A}}}}} $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>9</label><tex-math id="E9">\begin{document}
$ {\text{BU}}({\text{B}}) = \frac{{({h_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {h_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) \times {m_{\text{C}}} + ({k_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {k_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) \times {m_{\text{D}}}}}{{{m_{\text{B}}}}} $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>10</label><tex-math id="E10">\begin{document}
$ {\text{BU}}({\text{C}}) = \frac{{({i_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {i_{{{\text{t}}_1}}}) \times {m_{\text{D}}}}}{{{m_{\text{C}}}}} $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p>式中，<italic>m</italic><sub>A、</sub><italic>m</italic><sub>B、</sub><italic>m</italic><sub>C</sub>和<italic>m</italic><sub>D</sub>为团聚体A、B、C和D的初始质量。在破碎方向，负值（BD&#60;0）表示相对于初始条件的总体破碎较小，而正值表示（BD&#62;0）更大的破碎。在形成方向上，正值表示（BU&#62;0）相对于初始条件，累积量更多，而负值（BU&#60;0）表示破碎。</p>

<p>各团聚体从t<sub>1</sub>至t<sub>2</sub>时间内的周转速率（TR）为：</p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>11</label><tex-math id="E11">\begin{document}
$ {\text{TR}}({\text{A}}) = \frac{{\left| {{a_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} - {d_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} + {f_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} - ({a_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} - {d_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} + {f_{{{\text{t}}_2}}})} \right|}}{{{t_2} - {t_1}}} $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>12</label><tex-math id="E12">\begin{document}
$ {\text{TR}}({\text{B}}) = \frac{{\left| {{g_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} + {b_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} + {e_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} - ({g_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} + {b_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} + {e_{{{\text{t}}_2}}})} \right|}}{{{t_2} - {t_1}}} $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>13</label><tex-math id="E13">\begin{document}
$ {\text{TR}}({\text{C}}) = \frac{{\left| {{j_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} + {h_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} + {c_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} - ({j_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} + {h_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} + {c_{{{\text{t}}_2}}})} \right|}}{{{t_2} - {t_1}}} $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p><disp-formula>
<label>14</label><tex-math id="E14">\begin{document}
$ {\text{TR}}({\text{D}}) = \frac{{\left| {{l_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} + {k_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} + {i_{{{\text{t}}_1}}} - ({l_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} + {k_{{{\text{t}}_2}}} + {i_{{{\text{t}}_2}}})} \right|}}{{{t_2} - {t_1}}} $
\end{document}</tex-math></disp-formula></p>

<p>团聚体的周转时间为其周转速率的倒数。</p>

</sec>


<sec id="s1-5">
<label>1.5</label>
<title>数据处理</title>
<p>采用SPSS 20.0统计分析软件利用单因素方差分析（One way-ANOVA）和Duncan法进行不同处理下不同指标之间的差异显著性检验（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05），用Pearson检测平均质量直径与团聚体相对破碎与形成量的相关系数（SPSS Inc.，Chicago，IL，USA）。采用Origin 2017（Origin Lab，Northampton，MA，USA）绘图软件进行作图，图表中数据为平均值±标准差。</p>

</sec>

</sec>


<sec id="s2">
<label>2</label>
<title>结果</title>
<sec id="s2-1">
<label>2.1</label>
<title>REO<sub>S</sub>标记回收率与湿筛回收率</title>
<p>土壤团聚体标记过程中稀土元素氧化物标记回收率为62.87%~86.21%，湿筛回收率为91.23%~101.32%（<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table2">表 2</xref>）。其中，Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>的标记回收率和湿筛回收率最高，La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>的标记回收率和湿筛回收率最低。经过冻融作用后，La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>、Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>和Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>的湿筛回收率分别为83.77%~129.80%、89.26%~123.88%、91.52%~115.02%和84.83%~116.40%（<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table3">表 3</xref>）。同一初始含水量下，La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>和Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>的湿筛回收率在T50处理下第12次冻融循环达到最高值分别为129.80%和115.02%，Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>的湿筛回收率在T100处理下第20次冻融循环达到最高值123.88%，Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>的湿筛回收率在T50处理下第20次冻融循环达到最高值116.40%。同一冻融循环次数下，T50处理下La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>的湿筛回收率大于T100处理，而Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>的湿筛回收率的变化趋势与之相反。</p>

<table-wrap id="Table2">
<label>2</label><caption>
<p>湿混法标记团聚体的稀土氧化物标记回收率和湿筛回收率</p>
<p xml:lang="en">The labelling recovery and wet sieving recovery(%)of REOs in aggregates</p>
</caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">REO<sub>S</sub></td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">标记回收率<break/>Labelling recovery/%</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" align="center">湿筛回收率<break/>Wet sieving recovery/%</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">62.87±4.86</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">91.23±1.09</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
<td align="center">63.24±1.94</td>
<td align="center">95.97±3.34</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
<td align="center">86.21±4.06</td>
<td align="center">101.32±1.16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">72.34±3.28</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">96.24±4.18</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="Table3">
<label>3</label><caption>
<p>不同处理下稀土氧化物湿筛回收率</p>
<p xml:lang="en">The wet sieving recovery of REOs in aggregates under different treatments</p>
</caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border" rowspan="2" align="center">处理<break/>Treatment</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" rowspan="2" align="center">冻融次数<break/>Freeze-thaw<break/>cycles</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" colspan="4" align="center">湿筛回收率<break/>Wet sieving recovery/%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" align="left">注：T50代表田间持水量的50%，T100代表的是田间持水量的100%。不同大写字母为同一冻融循环处理下，不同初始含水量处理间在<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05水平差异具有显著性；不同小写字母为同一土壤初始含水量处理下，不同冻融次数处理间在<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05水平差异具有显著性。下同。Note：T50 represents 50% field water holding capacity and T100 represents 100% field water holding capacity. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among treatments with different water content（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05），and different lower-case letters indicate significant differences among different freeze-thaw cycles（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）.The same as below.</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" rowspan="4" align="center">T50</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">3</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">95.54±2.30Ad</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">97.93±2.67Ab</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">95.61±3.10Ac</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">94.49±2.29Ac</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">6</td>
<td align="center">103.77±0.76Ac</td>
<td align="center">99.88±0.33Ab</td>
<td align="center">92.81±4.28Ad</td>
<td align="center">99.80±0.82Ab</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">12</td>
<td align="center">129.80±3.08Aa</td>
<td align="center">110.73±3.28Aa</td>
<td align="center">115.02±3.91Aa</td>
<td align="center">114.41±4.51Aa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">20</td>
<td align="center">109.22±4.05Ab</td>
<td align="center">112.66±1.86Ba</td>
<td align="center">103.27±4.44Bb</td>
<td align="center">116.40±3.03Aa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" align="center" style="class:table_bottom_border">T100</td>
<td align="center">3</td>
<td align="center">88.27±2.91Bb</td>
<td align="center">93.22±4.43Bc</td>
<td align="center">91.52±6.13Bd</td>
<td align="center">84.83±6.40Bd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">6</td>
<td align="center">84.48±3.33Bc</td>
<td align="center">89.26±2.12Bd</td>
<td align="center">94.00±4.24Ac</td>
<td align="center">92.26±4.10Bc</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">12</td>
<td align="center">83.77±2.94Bc</td>
<td align="center">110.14±7.61Ab</td>
<td align="center">104.23±1.59Bb</td>
<td align="center">108.76±5.41Ba</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">20</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">96.06±4.47Ba</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">123.88±5.77Aa</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">113.23±4.80Aa</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">102.15±5.78Bb</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>


<sec id="s2-2">
<label>2.2</label>
<title>冻融循环对团聚体粒径分布及其水稳定性的影响</title>
<p>冻融循环显著降低了&#62;0.25 mm团聚体和&#60;0.053 mm团聚体的含量，增加了0.25~0.053 mm团聚体的含量（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05，<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table4">表 4</xref>）。在T50处理下，5~2 mm团聚体含量随冻融循环次数的增加而降低；与第0次相比，5~2 mm和2~0.25 mm团聚体含量分别在第6次和第3次冻融循环下显著降低了63.4%和13.1%（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。在T100处理下，5~2 mm和2~0.25 mm团聚体含量在第3次冻融循环时显著下降（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05），降低至0次处理下的52.4%和78.9%（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。在T50和T100处理下，0.25~0.053 mm团聚体在第3次冻融循环处理下显著增加，其占比为0次处理下的1.4倍；而&#60;0.053 mm团聚体呈现先显著降低后增加的变化趋势（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。同一冻融循环处理下，5~2 mm团聚体含量不受土壤初始含水量变化的影响（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。相比于T50处理，2~0.25 mm团聚体占比在T100处理下下降更为剧烈，与0次相比，经过20次冻融循环后，2~0.25 mm团聚体含量在T50和T100处理下分别下降了6.6%和11.5%；与T100处理相比，0.25~0.053 mm团聚体占比增幅在T50处理下更高，与0次相比，经过20次冻融循环后，0.25~0.053 mm团聚体含量在T50和T100处理下分别增加了18.4%和17.7%。在第6次冻融循环下，相比于T50处理，&#60;0.053 mm团聚体在T100处理下下降更加剧烈（26.7%与38.5%）。总体而言，T50和T100处理下MWD随冻融循环次数的增加显著降低（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）；同一冻融循环时，高土壤初始含水量（T100）处理下MWD变化更为剧烈。</p>

<table-wrap id="Table4">
<label>4</label><caption>
<p>不同处理下土壤团聚体粒径分布和MWD</p>
<p xml:lang="en">Aggregate size distributions and MWD under different treatments</p>
</caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border" rowspan="2" align="center">处理Treatment</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" rowspan="2" align="center">冻融次数Freeze-thaw<break/>cycles</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" colspan="4" align="center">团聚体组成比例<break/>Aggregate size distribution/%</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" rowspan="2" align="center">平均质量直径MWD/mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">5~2 mm团聚体<break/>5-2 mm aggregates</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">2~0.25 mm团聚体<break/>2-0.25mm aggregates</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">0.25~0.053 mm团聚体0.25-0.053 mm aggregates</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">&#60;0.053 mm团聚体&#60;0.053 mm aggregates</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" rowspan="5" align="center">T50</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">0</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">0.41±0.11Aa</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">22.25±0.31Ba</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">41.91±0.84Ab</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">35.61±1.15Aa</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">0.34±0.00Ba</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">3</td>
<td align="center">0.32±0.04Aa</td>
<td align="center">19.33±0.53Bb</td>
<td align="center">58.06±0.76Aa</td>
<td align="center">22.42±0.43Ac</td>
<td align="center">0.32±0.01Bb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">6</td>
<td align="center">0.15±0.03Ab</td>
<td align="center">17.84±0.66Ab</td>
<td align="center">60.12±1.44Aa</td>
<td align="center">21.93±0.84Ac</td>
<td align="center">0.31±0.01Ac</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">12</td>
<td align="center">0.13±0.14Ab</td>
<td align="center">16.93±0.05Ab</td>
<td align="center">55.93±2.65Aa</td>
<td align="center">27.03±2.52Ab</td>
<td align="center">0.29±0.01Ad</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">20</td>
<td align="center">0.11±0.13Ab</td>
<td align="center">15.62±1.01Ab</td>
<td align="center">60.33±0.53Aa</td>
<td align="center">23.91±0.71Ac</td>
<td align="center">0.28±0.01Ae</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" align="center" style="class:table_bottom_border">T100</td>
<td align="center">0</td>
<td align="center">0.42±0.12Aa</td>
<td align="center">26.41±0.41Aa</td>
<td align="center">43.24±1.52Ab</td>
<td align="center">30.05±1.61Ba</td>
<td align="center">0.39±0.01Aa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">3</td>
<td align="center">0.22±0.13Ab</td>
<td align="center">20.83±0.33Ab</td>
<td align="center">58.82±0.81Aa</td>
<td align="center">20.12±0.53Bb</td>
<td align="center">0.34±0.00Ab</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">6</td>
<td align="center">0.14±0.11Ab</td>
<td align="center">17.14±0.22Abc</td>
<td align="center">60.81±0.33Aa</td>
<td align="center">22.01±0.94Ab</td>
<td align="center">0.30±0.00Bc</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">12</td>
<td align="center">0.21±0.04Ab</td>
<td align="center">16.05±0.23Bc</td>
<td align="center">57.31±0.31Aa</td>
<td align="center">26.53±0.13Aa</td>
<td align="center">0.29±0.00Bd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">20</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">0.23±0.03Ab</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">14.91±0.27Bc</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">60.92±1.02Aa</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">24.04±1.01Aa</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">0.28±0.00Be</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>


<sec id="s2-3">
<label>2.3</label>
<title>冻融循环对土壤团聚体周转路径的影响</title>
<p>根据各粒径团聚体中REOs浓度随时间的变化，计算团聚体的周转路径（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure3">图 3</xref>）。除5~2 mm团聚体在破碎方向外，所有处理中相邻团聚体之间的转换更为强烈（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure3">图 3</xref>）。以第3次冻融循环为例，在破碎方向上，B→C和B→D的破碎量在T50处理分别为53%和15%，T100处理下为60%和10%；在形成方向上，T50处理D→C和D→B的形成量分别为50%和5%，T100处理为56%和7%。同一土壤初始含水量处理下，冻融循环加剧了&#62;0.25 mm团聚体的破碎和&#60;0.053 mm团聚体的团聚，表现为向0.25~053 mm团聚体粒径转化的趋势。与0次冻融循环相比，A→C、B→C的破碎量和D→C的形成量在冻融循环处理下显著增加（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。以第3次冻融循环下T100条件为例，A→C、B→C的破碎量和D→C形成量分别增加了17%、13%和24%。在同一冻融循环次数下，5~2 mm团聚体向0.25~0.053 mm团聚体的破碎量在T100处理下显著高于T50处理。在第3、6、12和20次冻融循环时，T100处理下A→C的破碎量分别为59%、57%、52%和63%，均显著高于T50处理下的51%、47%、49%和57%（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。</p>

<fig id="Figure3">
<label>3</label>
<caption>
<p>冻融循环对不同初始含水量处理下土壤团聚体周转路径的影响</p>
<p xml:lang="en">Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the turnover paths of soil aggregates under different initial water content treatments</p>
</caption>
<alt-text><![CDATA[注：A，B，C和D分别代表5~2 mm，2~0.25 mm，0.25~0.053 mm和&#60;0.053 mm团聚体。]]>
</alt-text>
<alt-text xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Note: A, B, C, and D represent 5-2 mm, 2-0.25 mm, 0.25-0.053 mm and&#60;0.053 mm aggregates.]]>
</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="trxb-61-4-964-3.jpg"></graphic>
</fig>
</sec>


<sec id="s2-4">
<label>2.4</label>
<title>冻融循环对土壤团聚体相对变化量的影响</title>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure4">图 4</xref>显示了在破碎和形成方向上团聚体的相对变化量。在破碎方向上，负值表示相对于初始条件的团聚体破碎较小，而正值表示破碎较大（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure4">图 4a</xref>）。无论初始含水量如何，5~2 mm团聚体的相对破碎量随着冻融循环次数的增加而增加，其中，T50和T100处理下分别在第6次和第20次冻融循环达到最高值（0.03%）。&#60;2 mm团聚体的相对破碎量随着冻融循环次数的增加呈现先减小后增加的趋势，在T50和T100处理下，2~0.25 mm的相对破碎量最小值分别出现在第6次和第3次（0.15% <italic>vs.</italic> 0.09%），0.25~0.053 mm团聚体相对破碎量在第3次处理下最低（0.23% <italic>vs.</italic> 0.21%）。在不同初始含水量条件下，除第0次冻融循环外，T50处理下5~2 mm团聚体的相对破碎量在第6次和第12次冻融循环时显著高于T100处理，且在第12次处理下差值达到最大（0.01%）；&#60;2 mm团聚体的相对破碎量表现为T100&#62;T50（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05），且不同初始含水量下2~0.25 mm和&#60;0.053 mm团聚体相对破碎量分别在第3次和第6次处理下达到最大差值，分别为0.06%和0.07%。在形成方向上，正值表示相对于初始条件的团聚体有更多的形成，而负值表示团聚体破碎（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure4">图 4b</xref>）。0.25~0.053 mm团聚体的相对形成量随冻融循环次数的增加而增加，T50与T100处理均在第3次冻融循环处理下达到最高值（0.15% <italic>vs.</italic> 0.14%）；在同一冻融循环次数下，T50处理下0.25~0.053 mm团聚体的相对形成量显著高于T100处理（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。冻融循环促进5~2 mm团聚体的破碎，该变化与土壤初始含水量无关。冻融循环过程中，无论初始含水量多少，MWD与各粒径团聚相对破碎量呈显著负相关（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05），而与相对形成量呈显著正相关（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05，<xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure5">图 5</xref>）。</p>

<fig id="Figure4">
<label>4</label>
<caption>
<p>不同处理下土壤团聚体相对破碎（a）和形成量（b）</p>
<p xml:lang="en">Relative changes in aggregates in the breakdown(a)and build-up(b)directions</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="trxb-61-4-964-4.jpg"></graphic>
</fig>

<fig id="Figure5">
<label>5</label>
<caption>
<p>不同处理下平均质量直径与团聚体相对变化量的关系</p>
<p xml:lang="en">Relationships between MWD and relative changes of soil aggregates under different treatments.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="trxb-61-4-964-5.jpg"></graphic>
</fig>
</sec>


<sec id="s2-5">
<label>2.5</label>
<title>冻融循环对土壤团聚体周转时间的影响</title>
<p>在同一初始含水量下，各粒径团聚体的周转时间随着冻融循环次数的增加而增加（<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table5">表 5</xref>）。以T50为例，与第3次相比，第20次冻融循环处理下各粒径团聚体周转时间分别增加了18.12倍、12.20倍、5.85倍和6.33倍。从各个粒径整体来看，&#60;0.053 mm团聚体周转时间最短，0.25~0.053 mm团聚体次之，5~2 mm团聚体周转时间最长。在不同初始含水量下，除第3次冻融循环下的0.25~0.053 mm团聚体，团聚体周转时间在T100处理下显著高于T50处理（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05）。相比于T50处理，T100处理下5~2 mm团聚体的周转时间在第12次时相差最大，增加了1.99倍；2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.053 mm和&#60;0.053 mm团聚体周转时间在第20次时达到最大差值，分别增加了2.21倍、1.73倍和2.63倍。</p>


<table-wrap id="Table5">
<label>5</label><caption>
<p>不同处理下各粒径团聚体周转时间</p>
<p xml:lang="en">Aggregate turnover time under different treatments</p>
</caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border" rowspan="2" align="center">处理Treatment</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" rowspan="2" align="center">冻融次数Freeze-thaw cycles</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border" colspan="4" align="center">团聚体周转时间<break/>Aggregate turnover time/d</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">5~2 mm团聚体<break/>5-2 mm aggregates</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">2~0.25 mm团聚体<break/>2-0.25mm aggregates</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">0.25~0.053 mm团聚体0.25-0.053 mm aggregates</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">&#60;0.053 mm团聚体&#60;0.053 mm aggregates</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" rowspan="4" align="center">T50</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">3</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">44.34±6.63Bd</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">20.54±2.65Bd</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">14.45±0.45Ac</td>
<td style="class:table_top_border2" align="center">11.45±0.54Bd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">6</td>
<td align="center">209.45±23.35Bc</td>
<td align="center">50.45±5.21Bc</td>
<td align="center">25.45±0.54Bb</td>
<td align="center">22.54±1.54Bc</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">12</td>
<td align="center">408.64±21.34Bb</td>
<td align="center">122.11±17.12Bb</td>
<td align="center">67.45±8.67Ba</td>
<td align="center">59.87±4.45Bb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">20</td>
<td align="center">803.34±94.54Ba</td>
<td align="center">250.63±23.12Ba</td>
<td align="center">84.54±9.54Ba</td>
<td align="center">72.53±1.54Ba</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" align="center" style="class:table_bottom_border">T100</td>
<td align="center">3</td>
<td align="center">88.36±8.75Ac</td>
<td align="center">34.87±3.21Ad</td>
<td align="center">14.44±1.45Ad</td>
<td align="center">13.92±1.54Ad</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">6</td>
<td align="center">336.54±15.54Ab</td>
<td align="center">60.54±6.71Ac</td>
<td align="center">44.56±7.54Ac</td>
<td align="center">44.45±8.45Ac</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">12</td>
<td align="center">810.34±80.44Aa</td>
<td align="center">172.14±20.12Ab</td>
<td align="center">82.47±5.45Ab</td>
<td align="center">81.45±10.54Ab</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">20</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">945.54±46.54Aa</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">553.71±47.74Aa</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">146.36±12.45Aa</td>
<td style="class:table_bottom_border" align="center">190.45±29.54Aa</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>

</sec>


<sec id="s3">
<label>3</label>
<title>讨论</title>
<p>本研究中稀土氧化物湿筛回收率为91%~101%（<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table2">表 2</xref>），这一结果与Zhang和Horn<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">13</xref>]</sup>得出的84%~97%，Peng等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref>]</sup>计算的82%~113%和Rahman等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref>]</sup>公布的82%~113%相似，但高于De Gryze等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref>]</sup>计算的67%~115%。这是因为De Gryze等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref>]</sup>通过干混法标记人为团聚体，但未施加干湿循环；而Peng等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref>]</sup>发现干湿循环可以增加REOs与土壤颗粒表面的结合，从而提高湿筛的回收率。本实验中由于标记过程中的损失导致实际添加量小于500 mg&#183;kg<sup>–1</sup>，加之化学分析过程中的实验误差，导致部分湿筛回收率大于100%。结果表明经过冻融循环后湿筛回收率均大于84%，证明在冻融循环过程中REOs可以较好吸附于团聚体表面，示踪团聚体形成和破碎过程。</p>

<p>本研究结果表明冻融循环作用会促进&#62;0.25 mm团聚体的破碎和&#60;0.053 mm团聚体的团聚，致使0.25~0.053 mm团聚体累积，导致MWD随着冻融循环次数的增加而降低（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure3">图 3</xref>，<xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure4">图 4</xref>和<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table4">表 4</xref>）。这与前人的研究结果一致<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref>]</sup>，冻融循环会降低土壤团聚体的稳定性，导致大团聚体的破碎。这是因为冻融作用的本质是土体内水分体积变化引起的土壤结构的变化，&#62;0.25 mm团聚体内部大孔隙较为明显<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>]</sup>，在经过冻融作用后，孔隙内部的水分发生反复的膨胀与收缩，使得&#62;0.25 mm团聚体内部发生崩裂，从而破碎成更小粒径团聚体；而&#60;0.053 mm团聚体内部孔隙较少，抗破碎能力较强，并且具有较强的吸附作用，与有机质和阳离子等团聚成大颗粒团聚体<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>，<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>]</sup>。而牛浩等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref>]</sup>通过研究发现在T50处理下，克山黑土MWD随着冻融循环次数的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势。这可能是因为冻融循环作用下土壤颗粒之间原有的结构被破坏，团聚体会发生新的破碎和团聚 <sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref>]</sup>，二者处于动态平衡过程，致使MWD出现不同的变化趋势<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">28</xref>]</sup>。本结果表明在同一冻融循环次数下，5~2 mm团聚体向0.25~0.053 mm团聚体的破碎量在T100处理下显著高于T50处理（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05，<xref ref-type="fig" rid="Figure3">图 3</xref>）；在6次冻融循环后，T50处理下的MWD显著高于T100（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05，<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table4">表 4</xref>）。这与孙义秋等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">28</xref>]</sup>的研究结果相似，随着初始含水量的增加，&#62;2 mm团聚体含量显著减小，&#60;2 mm团聚体含量显著增加，MWD显著降低。王风等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">23</xref>]</sup>的研究表明在相同冻结温度下，含水量接近饱和对团聚体的破坏能力更强。娄鑫等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref>]</sup>指出冻融循环时高含水率带给土壤大团聚体的崩裂压力要高于低含水率，高含水量土壤在低温冰冻过程中对土壤孔隙影响更大<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">30</xref>]</sup>，土壤颗粒间黏结力降低，更易破碎。刘佳等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref>]</sup>学者认为在不考虑其他因素情况下，随着初始含水量的增加，土壤中的水分越多，冻结过程中迁移的水分越多，迁移的时间越长，从而使土壤冻融作用更为强烈，冻胀更为严重，团聚体之间的黏结力变小，团聚体破碎效应显著，团聚体稳定性明显下降。</p>

<p>冻融循环过程中，黑土团聚体周转时间为11~945 d（<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table5">表 5</xref>），高于Wang等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref>]</sup>得出的41~168 d，这可能是因为Wang等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref>]</sup>的研究中将&#62;1 mm的团聚体定义为大团聚体，其含量占比高于本研究中的大团聚体（&#62;2 mm），在冻融循环末期&#62;2 mm团聚体含量降低至0.1%（<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table4">表 4</xref>），导致测定的REOs浓度变异性增大。本研究中，大团聚体（&#62;0.25 mm）的周转时间高于微团聚体（&#60;0.25 mm）（20~945 d与11~190 d）（<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table5">表 5</xref>）。而De Gryze等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref>]</sup>指出淋溶土微团聚体的周转比大团聚体慢（9~30 d与17~88 d），Peng等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref>]</sup>研究发现红壤大团聚体的周转时间短于微团聚体（23~179 d与47~186 d），Rahman等<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref>]</sup>则发现砂姜黑土2~0.25 mm团聚体的周转时间远小于&#60;0.25 mm团聚体（68~143 d与146~1 148 d）。这可能是因为本研究中大团聚体含量较低，在冻融循环作用下，团聚体更容易破碎而难以团聚，因此大团聚体的形成破碎周期更长，其周转时间亦随之增加；而在其他研究中，外源有机物或微生物等的促进作用加快了大团聚体的形成过程<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">20</xref>]</sup>，不稳定的大团聚体又参与破碎，加快其周转速率。同一初始含水量处理下，各粒径团聚体的周转时间随着冻融循环次数的增加显著增加（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05，<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table5">表 5</xref>）。这可能是一方面反复冻融循环增加土壤孔隙连通度<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref>]</sup>，降低土壤颗粒团聚程度；另一方面冻融循环影响了微生物群落结构和活性<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">34</xref>]</sup>，进而减缓团聚体周转过程。同一冻融循环处理下，随着初始含水量的增加，团聚体的周转时间显著增加（<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.05，<xref ref-type="table" rid="Table5">表 5</xref>）。这可能与高土壤初始含水量下，水分经过冻结与融化的时间更长<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref>]</sup>，致使&#62;0.25 mm团聚体转化为0.25~0.053 mm团聚体的时间更长有关。</p>

</sec>


<sec id="s4">
<label>4</label>
<title>结论</title>
<p>冻融循环次数和土壤初始含水量通过影响团聚体的形成和破碎过程，进而影响土壤团聚体稳定性的动态变化。冻融循环促进&#62;0.25 mm团聚体的破碎和&#60;0.053 mm团聚体的团聚，使0.25~0.053 mm团聚体累积，导致MWD降低，且该变化过程受土壤初始含水量的调控。相比于高土壤初始含水量，低土壤初始含水量处理下2~0.053 mm团聚体的相对破碎量显著降低，0.25~0.053 mm团聚体的相对形成量显著增加。MWD与各粒径团聚体相对破碎量呈显著负相关，而与相对形成量呈显著正相关。冻融循环过程中，除5~2 mm团聚体外，相邻粒径团聚体之间的周转更为剧烈，该现象与土壤初始含水量无关。总体而言，冻融循环处理下，团聚体周转时间随着冻融循环次数、土壤初始含水量和团聚体粒径的增加而增加。冻融循环下土壤结构的研究对阻控黑土地退化有重要意义，有待考量多种因素的复合作用，进一步探究田间实际状况下土壤结构的动态变化过程，为提升耕地质量提供理论依据。</p>

</sec>

</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="b1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">何秀丽, 刘文新</person-group>
<article-title>中国东北粮食安全评价及政策模拟</article-title>
<source>农业现代化研究</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>678</fpage>
<lpage>681</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NXDH201206012.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>何秀丽, 刘文新. 中国东北粮食安全评价及政策模拟[J]. 农业现代化研究, 2012, 33(6): 678&#8212;681.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">He X L, Liu W X</person-group>
<article-title>The assessment and policy simulation of grain security of northeast China</article-title>
<source>Research of Agricultural Modernization</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>678</fpage>
<lpage>681</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NXDH201206012.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>He X L, Liu W X. The assessment and policy simulation of grain security of northeast China[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 2012, 33(6): 678&#8212;681.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b2">
<label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">汪景宽, 徐香茹, 裴久渤, 等</person-group>
<article-title>东北黑土地区耕地质量现状与面临的机遇和挑战</article-title>
<source>土壤通报</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>695</fpage>
<lpage>701</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRTB202103022.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>汪景宽, 徐香茹, 裴久渤, 等. 东北黑土地区耕地质量现状与面临的机遇和挑战[J]. 土壤通报, 2021, 52(3): 695&#8212;701.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Wang J K, Xu X R, Pei J B, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Current situations of black soil quality and facing opportunities and challenges in northeast China</article-title>
<source>Chinese Journal of Soil Science</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>695</fpage>
<lpage>701</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRTB202103022.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Wang J K, Xu X R, Pei J B, et al. Current situations of black soil quality and facing opportunities and challenges in northeast China[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2021, 52(3): 695&#8212;701.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b3">
<label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">谷思玉, 胡洋, 聂艳龙, 等</person-group>
<article-title>农垦九三管理局不同开垦年限农田黑土团聚体变化</article-title>
<source>东北农业大学学报</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>56</fpage>
<lpage>62</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DBDN201511009.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>谷思玉, 胡洋, 聂艳龙, 等. 农垦九三管理局不同开垦年限农田黑土团聚体变化[J]. 东北农业大学学报, 2015, 46(11): 56&#8212;62.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Gu S Y, Hu Y, Nie Y L, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Change of aggregate in agricultural reclamation Jiusan Administration Bureau black soil with different reclamation years</article-title>
<source>Journal of Northeast Agricultural University</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>56</fpage>
<lpage>62</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DBDN201511009.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Gu S Y, Hu Y, Nie Y L, et al. Change of aggregate in agricultural reclamation Jiusan Administration Bureau black soil with different reclamation years[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 2015, 46(11): 56&#8212;62.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b4">
<label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">张光辉, 杨扬, 刘瑛娜, 等</person-group>
<article-title>东北黑土区土壤侵蚀研究进展与展望</article-title>
<source>水土保持学报</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>12</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS202202001.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>张光辉, 杨扬, 刘瑛娜, 等. 东北黑土区土壤侵蚀研究进展与展望[J]. 水土保持学报, 2022, 36(2): 1&#8212;12.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Zhang G H, Yang Y, Liu Y N, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Advances and prospects of soil erosion research in the black soil region of northeast China</article-title>
<source>Journal of Soil and Water Conservation</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>12</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS202202001.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Zhang G H, Yang Y, Liu Y N, et al. Advances and prospects of soil erosion research in the black soil region of northeast China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2022, 36(2): 1&#8212;12.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b5">
<label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">刘亚龙, 王萍, 汪景宽</person-group>
<article-title>土壤团聚体的形成和稳定机制: 研究进展与展望</article-title>
<source>土壤学报</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>627</fpage>
<lpage>643</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[http://pedologica.issas.ac.cn/trxb/article/abstract/trxb202112180686?st=search]]></uri><annotation>
<p>刘亚龙, 王萍, 汪景宽. 土壤团聚体的形成和稳定机制: 研究进展与展望[J]. 土壤学报, 2023, 60(3): 627&#8212;643.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Liu Y L, Wang P, Wang J K</person-group>
<article-title>Formation and stability mechanism of soil aggregates: Progress and prospect</article-title>
<source>Acta Pedologica Sinica</source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>627</fpage>
<lpage>643</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[http://pedologica.issas.ac.cn/trxb/article/abstract/trxb202112180686?st=search]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Liu Y L, Wang P, Wang J K. Formation and stability mechanism of soil aggregates: Progress and prospect[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2023, 60(3): 627&#8212;643.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Six J, Bossuyt H, Degryze S, et al</person-group>
<article-title>A history of research on the link between(micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics</article-title>
<source>Soil and Tillage Research</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>7</fpage>
<lpage>31</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>Six J, Bossuyt H, Degryze S, et al. A history of research on the link between(micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2004, 79(1): 7&#8212;31.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b7">
<label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Elliott E T, Coleman D C</person-group>
<article-title>Let the soil work for Us</article-title>
<source>Ecological Bulletins</source>
<year>1988</year>
<issue>39</issue>
<fpage>23</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>Elliott E T, Coleman D C. Let the soil work for Us[J]. Ecological Bulletins, 1988(39): 23&#8212;32.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b8">
<label>8</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">王文刚, 王彬, 顾汪明, 等</person-group>
<article-title>冻融循环对黑土团聚体稳定性与微结构特征的影响</article-title>
<source>水土保持学报</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>66</fpage>
<lpage>73</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS202201010.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>王文刚, 王彬, 顾汪明, 等. 冻融循环对黑土团聚体稳定性与微结构特征的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2022, 36(1): 66&#8212;73.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Wang W G, Wang B, Gu W M, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on soil aggregate stability and microstructure of black soil</article-title>
<source>Journal of Soil and Water Conservation</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>66</fpage>
<lpage>73</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS202201010.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Wang W G, Wang B, Gu W M, et al. Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on soil aggregate stability and microstructure of black soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2022, 36(1): 66&#8212;73.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b9">
<label>9</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Wang E H, Cruse R M, Chen X W, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of moisture condition and freeze-thaw cycles on surface soil aggregate size distribution and stability</article-title>
<source>Canadian Journal of Soil Science</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>529</fpage>
<lpage>536</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>Wang E H, Cruse R M, Chen X W, et al. Effects of moisture condition and freeze-thaw cycles on surface soil aggregate size distribution and stability[J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 2012, 92(3): 529&#8212;536.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b10">
<label>10</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">刘绪军, 景国臣, 杨亚娟, 等</person-group>
<article-title>冻融交替作用对表层黑土结构的影响</article-title>
<source>中国水土保持科学</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>42</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STBC201501010.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>刘绪军, 景国臣, 杨亚娟, 等. 冻融交替作用对表层黑土结构的影响[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2015, 13(1): 42&#8212;46.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Liu X J, Jing G C, Yang Y J, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of alternate freezing and thawing on the structure of black topsoil</article-title>
<source>Science of Soil and Water Conservation</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>42</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STBC201501010.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Liu X J, Jing G C, Yang Y J, et al. Effects of alternate freezing and thawing on the structure of black topsoil[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 13(1): 42&#8212;46.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b11">
<label>11</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">顾汪明, 周金星, 王彬, 等</person-group>
<article-title>冻融循环作用对黑土水稳性团聚体特征的影响</article-title>
<source>中国水土保持科学</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>45</fpage>
<lpage>52</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STBC202004007.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>顾汪明, 周金星, 王彬, 等. 冻融循环作用对黑土水稳性团聚体特征的影响[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2020, 18(4): 45&#8212;52.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Gu W M, Zhou J X, Wang B, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of freeze-thaw cycle on the characteristics of black soil water-stable aggregates</article-title>
<source>Science of Soil and Water Conservation</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>45</fpage>
<lpage>52</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STBC202004007.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Gu W M, Zhou J X, Wang B, et al. Effects of freeze-thaw cycle on the characteristics of black soil water-stable aggregates[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020, 18(4): 45&#8212;52.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b12">
<label>12</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">牛浩, 罗万清, 王晋峰, 等</person-group>
<article-title>冻融对东北黑土风干团聚体与水稳性团聚体组成及稳定性的影响</article-title>
<source>土壤通报</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>841</fpage>
<lpage>847</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRTB202004011.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>牛浩, 罗万清, 王晋峰, 等. 冻融对东北黑土风干团聚体与水稳性团聚体组成及稳定性的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 2020, 51(4): 841&#8212;847.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Niu H, Luo W Q, Wang J F, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of freeze-thaw on the composition and stability of air-dried and water-stable aggregates of black soil in northeast China</article-title>
<source>Chinese Journal of Soil Science</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>841</fpage>
<lpage>847</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRTB202004011.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Niu H, Luo W Q, Wang J F, et al. Effects of freeze-thaw on the composition and stability of air-dried and water-stable aggregates of black soil in northeast China[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2020, 51(4): 841&#8212;847.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b13">
<label>13</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Zhang B, Horn R</person-group>
<article-title>Mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in Ultisols from subtropical China</article-title>
<source>Geoderma</source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<issue>1/2</issue>
<fpage>123</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>Zhang B, Horn R. Mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in Ultisols from subtropical China[J]. Geoderma, 2001, 99(1/2): 123&#8212;145.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b14">
<label>14</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">De Gryze S, Six J, Merckx R</person-group>
<article-title>Quantifying water-stable soil aggregate turnover and its implication for soil organic matter dynamics in a model study</article-title>
<source>European Journal of Soil Science</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>693</fpage>
<lpage>707</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>De Gryze S, Six J, Merckx R. Quantifying water-stable soil aggregate turnover and its implication for soil organic matter dynamics in a model study[J]. European Journal of Soil Science, 2006, 57(5): 693&#8212;707.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b15">
<label>15</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Peng X H, Zhu Q H, Zhang Z B, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Combined turnover of carbon and soil aggregates using rare earth oxides and isotopically labelled carbon as tracers</article-title>
<source>Soil Biology and Biochemistry</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<fpage>81</fpage>
<lpage>94</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>Peng X H, Zhu Q H, Zhang Z B, et al. Combined turnover of carbon and soil aggregates using rare earth oxides and isotopically labelled carbon as tracers[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2017, 109: 81&#8212;94.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b16">
<label>16</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Liu S, Guo Z C, Pan Y B, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Rare earth oxides for labelling soil aggregate turnover: Impacts of soil properties, labelling method and aggregate structure</article-title>
<source>Geoderma</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>351</volume>
<fpage>36</fpage>
<lpage>48</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>Liu S, Guo Z C, Pan Y B, et al. Rare earth oxides for labelling soil aggregate turnover: Impacts of soil properties, labelling method and aggregate structure[J]. Geoderma, 2019, 351: 36&#8212;48.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b17">
<label>17</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Liu S, Guo Z C, Halder M, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Impacts of residue quality and soil texture on soil aggregation pathways by using rare earth oxides as tracers</article-title>
<source>Geoderma</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>399</volume>
<fpage>115114</fpage>
<annotation>
<p>Liu S, Guo Z C, Halder M, et al. Impacts of residue quality and soil texture on soil aggregation pathways by using rare earth oxides as tracers[J]. Geoderma, 2021, 399: 115114.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b18">
<label>18</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Halder M, Liu S, Zhang Z B, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of organic matter characteristics on soil aggregate turnover using rare earth oxides as tracers in a red clay soil</article-title>
<source>Geoderma</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>421</volume>
<fpage>115908</fpage>
<annotation>
<p>Halder M, Liu S, Zhang Z B, et al. Effects of organic matter characteristics on soil aggregate turnover using rare earth oxides as tracers in a red clay soil[J]. Geoderma, 2022, 421: 115908.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b19">
<label>19</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">汪零, 吴文枭, 倪世民, 等</person-group>
<article-title>溅蚀过程中红壤团聚体周转路径的定量表征</article-title>
<source>农业工程学报</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>115</fpage>
<lpage>123</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NYGU202208014.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>汪零, 吴文枭, 倪世民, 等. 溅蚀过程中红壤团聚体周转路径的定量表征[J]. 农业工程学报, 2022, 38(8): 115&#8212;123.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Wang L, Wu W X, Ni S M, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Quantitative characterization of the turnover path of red soil aggregate in the splash process</article-title>
<source>Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering</source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>8</issue>
<fpage>115</fpage>
<lpage>123</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NYGU202208014.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Wang L, Wu W X, Ni S M, et al. Quantitative characterization of the turnover path of red soil aggregate in the splash process[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2022, 38(8): 115&#8212;123.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b20">
<label>20</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Morris E K, Morris D J P, Vogt S, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Visualizing the dynamics of soil aggregation as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi</article-title>
<source>The ISME Journal</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>1639</fpage>
<lpage>1646</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>Morris E K, Morris D J P, Vogt S, et al. Visualizing the dynamics of soil aggregation as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[J]. The ISME Journal, 2019, 13(7): 1639&#8212;1646.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b21">
<label>21</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Rahman M T, Zhu Q H, Zhang Z B, et al</person-group>
<article-title>The roles of organic amendments and microbial community in the improvement of soil structure of a Vertisol</article-title>
<source>Applied Soil Ecology</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<fpage>84</fpage>
<lpage>93</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>Rahman M T, Zhu Q H, Zhang Z B, et al. The roles of organic amendments and microbial community in the improvement of soil structure of a Vertisol[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2017, 111: 84&#8212;93.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b22">
<label>22</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Wang X H, Yin L M, Dijkstra F A, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Rhizosphere priming is tightly associated with root-driven aggregate turnover</article-title>
<source>Soil Biology and Biochemistry</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>149</volume>
<fpage>107964</fpage>
<annotation>
<p>Wang X H, Yin L M, Dijkstra F A, et al. Rhizosphere priming is tightly associated with root-driven aggregate turnover[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2020, 149: 107964.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b23">
<label>23</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">王风, 韩晓增, 李良皓, 等</person-group>
<article-title>冻融过程对黑土水稳性团聚体含量影响</article-title>
<source>冰川冻土</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>915</fpage>
<lpage>919</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200905019.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>王风, 韩晓增, 李良皓, 等. 冻融过程对黑土水稳性团聚体含量影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, 31(5): 915&#8212;919.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Wang F, Han X Z, Li L H, et al</person-group>
<article-title>The effect of freezing and thawing processes on black soil aggregate stability</article-title>
<source>Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>915</fpage>
<lpage>919</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BCDT200905019.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Wang F, Han X Z, Li L H, et al. The effect of freezing and thawing processes on black soil aggregate stability[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, 31(5): 915&#8212;919.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b24">
<label>24</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">鲁如坤</person-group>
<source>土壤农业化学分析方法</source>
<publisher-loc>北京</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>中国农业科技出版社</publisher-name>
<year>2000</year>
<annotation>
<p>鲁如坤. 土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 2000.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="book" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Lu R K</person-group>
<source>Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry</source>
<publisher-loc>Beijing</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>China Agricultural Science and Technology Press</publisher-name>
<year>2000</year>
<annotation>
<p>Lu R K. Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b25">
<label>25</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">杨小丽, 崔森, 杨梅, 等</person-group>
<article-title>碱熔离子交换-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定多金属矿中痕量稀土元素</article-title>
<source>冶金分析</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>16</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YJFX201103002.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>杨小丽, 崔森, 杨梅, 等. 碱熔离子交换-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定多金属矿中痕量稀土元素[J]. 冶金分析, 2011, 31(3): 11&#8212;16.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Yang X L, Cui S, Yang M, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Determination of rare earth elements in polymetallic ore by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after alkali fusion and ion exchange</article-title>
<source>Metallurgical Analysis</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>16</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YJFX201103002.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Yang X L, Cui S, Yang M, et al. Determination of rare earth elements in polymetallic ore by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after alkali fusion and ion exchange[J]. Metallurgical Analysis, 2011, 31(3): 11&#8212;16.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b26">
<label>26</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">张泽, 马巍, 齐吉琳</person-group>
<article-title>冻融循环作用下土体结构演化规律及其工程性质改变机理</article-title>
<source>吉林大学学报(地球科学版)</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>1904</fpage>
<lpage>1914</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ201306021.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>张泽, 马巍, 齐吉琳. 冻融循环作用下土体结构演化规律及其工程性质改变机理[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2013, 43(6): 1904&#8212;1914.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Zhang Z, Ma W, Qi J L</person-group>
<article-title>Structure evolution and mechanism of engineering properties change of soils under effect of freeze-thaw cycle</article-title>
<source>Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition)</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>1904</fpage>
<lpage>1914</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ201306021.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Zhang Z, Ma W, Qi J L. Structure evolution and mechanism of engineering properties change of soils under effect of freeze-thaw cycle[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition), 2013, 43(6): 1904&#8212;1914.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b27">
<label>27</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Wang Q, Wang W J, He X Y, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Role and variation of the amount and composition of glomalin in soil properties in farmland and adjacent plantations with reference to a primary forest in north-eastern China</article-title>
<source>PLoS One</source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>e0139623</fpage>
<annotation>
<p>Wang Q, Wang W J, He X Y, et al. Role and variation of the amount and composition of glomalin in soil properties in farmland and adjacent plantations with reference to a primary forest in north-eastern China[J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(10): e0139623.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b28">
<label>28</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">[孙义秋, 顾汪明, 关颖慧, 等</person-group>
<article-title>冻融循环作用对黑土团聚体破碎机制的影响</article-title>
<source>水土保持学报</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>53</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS202103008.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>[孙义秋, 顾汪明, 关颖慧, 等. 冻融循环作用对黑土团聚体破碎机制的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2021, 35(3): 53&#8212;60.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Sun Y Q, Gu W M, Guan Y H, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Effect of freeze-thaw cycle on the fragmentation mechanism of black soil aggregates</article-title>
<source>Journal of Soil and Water Conservation</source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>53</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS202103008.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Sun Y Q, Gu W M, Guan Y H, et al. Effect of freeze-thaw cycle on the fragmentation mechanism of black soil aggregates[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2021, 35(3): 53&#8212;60.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b29">
<label>29</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">娄鑫, 谷岩, 张军辉, 等</person-group>
<article-title>冬季积雪与冻融对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响</article-title>
<source>北京林业大学学报</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>63</fpage>
<lpage>70</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BJLY201604007.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>娄鑫, 谷岩, 张军辉, 等. 冬季积雪与冻融对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2016, 38(4): 63&#8212;70.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Lou X, Gu Y, Zhang J H, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of snow cover and freeze-thaw cycles on stability of surface soil aggregates in forest</article-title>
<source>Journal of Beijing Forestry University</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>63</fpage>
<lpage>70</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BJLY201604007.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Lou X, Gu Y, Zhang J H, et al. Effects of snow cover and freeze-thaw cycles on stability of surface soil aggregates in forest[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2016, 38(4): 63&#8212;70.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b30">
<label>30</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">姜宇, 刘博, 范昊明, 等</person-group>
<article-title>冻融条件下黑土大孔隙结构特征研究</article-title>
<source>土壤学报</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>340</fpage>
<lpage>349</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[http://pedologica.issas.ac.cn/trxb/article/abstract/trxb201711030516?st=search]]></uri><annotation>
<p>姜宇, 刘博, 范昊明, 等. 冻融条件下黑土大孔隙结构特征研究[J]. 土壤学报, 2019, 56(2): 340&#8212;349.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Jiang Y, Liu B, Fan H M, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Macropore structure characteristics of black soil under freeze-thaw condition</article-title>
<source>Acta Pedologica Sinica</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>340</fpage>
<lpage>349</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[http://pedologica.issas.ac.cn/trxb/article/abstract/trxb201711030516?st=search]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Jiang Y, Liu B, Fan H M, et al. Macropore structure characteristics of black soil under freeze-thaw condition[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2019, 56(2): 340&#8212;349.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b31">
<label>31</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">刘佳, 范昊明, 周丽丽, 等</person-group>
<article-title>冻融循环对黑土容重和孔隙度影响的试验研究</article-title>
<source>水土保持学报</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>186</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS200906043.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>刘佳, 范昊明, 周丽丽, 等. 冻融循环对黑土容重和孔隙度影响的试验研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2009, 23(6): 186&#8212;189.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Liu J, Fan H M, Zhou L L, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Study on effects of freeze-thaw cycle on bulk density and porosity of black soil</article-title>
<source>Journal of Soil and Water Conservation</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>186</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS200906043.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Liu J, Fan H M, Zhou L L, et al. Study on effects of freeze-thaw cycle on bulk density and porosity of black soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 23(6): 186&#8212;189.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b32">
<label>32</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">姜宇, 范昊明, 侯云晴, 等</person-group>
<article-title>基于同步辐射显微CT研究冻融循环对黑土团聚体结构特征的影响</article-title>
<source>生态学报</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>4080</fpage>
<lpage>4087</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STXB201911027.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>姜宇, 范昊明, 侯云晴, 等. 基于同步辐射显微CT研究冻融循环对黑土团聚体结构特征的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2019, 39(11): 4080&#8212;4087.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Jiang Y, Fan H M, Hou Y Q, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Characterization of aggregate microstructure of black soil with different number of freeze-thaw cycles by synchrotron-based micro-computed tomography</article-title>
<source>Acta Ecologica Sinica</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>4080</fpage>
<lpage>4087</lpage>

<uri><![CDATA[https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STXB201911027.htm]]></uri><annotation>
<p>Jiang Y, Fan H M, Hou Y Q, et al. Characterization of aggregate microstructure of black soil with different number of freeze-thaw cycles by synchrotron-based micro-computed tomography[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(11): 4080&#8212;4087.</p>
</annotation></element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b33">
<label>33</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Henry H A L</person-group>
<article-title>Soil freeze–thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements</article-title>
<source>Soil Biology and Biochemistry</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>977</fpage>
<lpage>986</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>Henry H A L. Soil freeze–thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2007, 39(5): 977&#8212;986.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

<ref id="b34">
<label>34</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" xml:lang="en">
<person-group person-group-type="author">Sharma S, Szele Z, Schilling R, et al</person-group>
<article-title>Influence of freeze-thaw stress on the structure and function of microbial communities and denitrifying populations in soil</article-title>
<source>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>2148</fpage>
<lpage>2154</lpage>
<annotation>
<p>Sharma S, Szele Z, Schilling R, et al. Influence of freeze-thaw stress on the structure and function of microbial communities and denitrifying populations in soil[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006, 72(3): 2148&#8212;2154.</p>
</annotation>
</element-citation>
</ref>

</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
