【Objective】Under the class β-proteobacteria, Burkholderiales is a kind of Gram-negative bacteria, characterized physiologically as strict aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic chemoheterotrophic types, and composed mainly of Burkholaceae, Oxalobacteriaceae, Alcaligenaceae, and Comamonadaceae in taxonomy. In rhizospheric environment, Burkholderiales is an important group of pro-growth bacteria that can promote growth and development of plants. It can not only promote plant growth by producing phytohormones, but also improve the environment in which plants grow via nitrogen fixation, nodulation and phosphorus solubilization. Studies, so far accomplished, have demonstrated that soil physicochemical properties, soil pH, soil type and fertilization can affect the community structure and composition of Burkholderiales, but failed to address variation of the effects with soil type and its potential relationship with crop yield.【Method】In this study, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing of Burkholderiales was performed with a pair of specific primers. Based on the findings, responses of Burkholderiales to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization (N, P and K) in community structure and of the maize crops in three different types of agricultural soils (phaeozem, cambisol and acrisol) in shoot biomass and yield were investigated.【Result】Results show that application of chemical fertilizer did not affect much richness and diversity of the Burkholderiales in the three types of soil, as compared to the unfertilized plot. Moreover, three taxa of bacteria, i.e. Oxalobacteraceae, Comammonadaceae, and Burkholderiaceae, were detected at the family level of Burkholderiales. And Oxalobacteraceae was the dominant group. In addition, fertilization markedly increased relative abundance of the Burkholderia (mainly Burkholderia spp.) and Massilia (mainly Massiliaspp. and Massilia sp. WG5) in the cambisol low in organic matter (P<0.01), while it significantly increased relative abundance of the Herbaspirillum (mainly Herbaspirillum sp. ZM319), but decreased that of the Noviherbaspirillum (mainly Noviherbaspirillum spp.) (P<0.01) in acidic acrisol. However, it did not affect much the relative abundance of all detected groups of Burkholderiales in the phaeozem high in soil organic matter and nutrient. Pearson correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicates that nutrient (such as AP and AK) content and soil pH are the main factors affecting the community composition and structure of these bacteria (Burkholderia, Massilia, Herbaspirillum and Noviherbaspirillum). Furthermore, linear regression analysis and Mantel test shows that only the relative abundance of Massilia is significantly correlated with the shoot biomass and yield of maize (P<0.05). All these statistical analyses demonstrate that changes in community structure of Massilia may affect shoot biomass and yield of the crop. 【Conclusion】 This study indicates that although chemical fertilization is the main cause of the increase in shoot biomass and yield of maize, changes in community structure of rhizosphere microbes, such as Burkholderiales, may also be potential biological factors affecting shoot biomass and yield of maize.