Soil microbial biogeography is a discipline that aims to study the spatial distribution pattern of soil microbial community and their changes across time, and is research frontiers in the fields of soil biology and microbial ecology. In recent years, despite the tremendous progress in the study of soil microbial biogeography, there are still many difficulties and challenges. This mini-review will briefly review the development of soil microbial biogeography and emphatically introduce the recent progresses of soil microbial biogeography in forest, grassland and farmland ecosystems in China. This mini-review further elaborates the current international frontiers of soil microbial biogeography, including the spatial distribution of microbial communities and their driving mechanisms, community assembly processes and co-occurrence network, the relationship between microbial geographic distribution and ecosystem functions, and the prediction of microbial community under global change scenarios. Finally, this mini-review outlooks the future developments in the study of soil microbial biogeography, and emphasizes the importance of clear microbial species definitions, temporal dynamics of microbial communities, multiomics approaches and synthetic biology, and the prediction modelling with high accuracy in the study of soil microbial biogeography.