Effects of soil type and type of first-class land use on spatial distribution of SOC at the depth of 0~20 cm in Hebei Province were explored based on the data of Hebei Province of the Second National Soil Survey and using variance analysis and regression analysis. It was found that they were the major factors controlling SOC spatial distribution. The effect of soil type was related with soil classification. Soils in lower soil categories of the soil classification were more capable of reflecting SOC spatial distribution. Land use explained SOC spatial distribution better than soil type at the soil group level, but not at the soil subgroup and soil family levels. Therefore, it is advisable to use soil type and land use in combination as main controlling factors in predicting or assessing SOC spatial distribution at the provincial scale, giving prior consideration to land use, then to soil type in the lower categories of soil classification under the same land use.