氮肥有效率的概念及意义——兼论对传统氮肥利用率的理解误区
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国家重大科学研究计划(2014CB953803)、公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103039)和国家重点基础研究发展计划(2012CB417105)资助


The concept and meanings of nitrogen fertilizer availability ratio ―Discussing misunderstanding of traditional nitrogen use efficiency
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    摘要:

    自氮肥发明和施用以来,人们一直想通过氮肥利用率来度量氮肥施用效果。传统氮肥利用率是指当季作物吸收肥料氮占施用肥料氮的百分率,而没有反映氮肥对土壤氮消耗的补偿效应。由于概念和算法本身缺陷,加之对结果解析和理解不够,在文献和日常交流中产生了许多误区。为此,国内外研究者尝试了许多改进算法,虽涉及到氮肥在后茬作物上的残效,但并未触及到残留肥料氮对土壤氮消耗补偿效应这一核心问题。本文根据土壤-作物体系氮素主要流动通量,及肥料氮-土壤氮-作物吸氮“三氮”之间关系,提出了氮肥有效率的概念和算法,其核心是将残留肥料氮作为补偿土壤氮消耗的有效部分。文章分析了国内15N示踪试验资料,认为我国现有农田管理水平的氮肥有效率在50%~60%,损失率在40%~50%之间,损失率很高。采取改进氮肥和农艺管理措施,我国未来将氮肥有效率提高至70%~90%,是完全有可能的。氮肥有效率拓展了氮肥效应理念,在解析氮肥对作物增产、维持土壤氮肥力的真实效果,对环境的实质影响方面具有重要意义。

    Abstract:

    Since the invention and application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, people always wanted to measure the effects of N fertilizer application by nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The traditional NUE is the percentage of fertilizer N uptake by crop to N fertilizer rate, which didn’t consider the replenishing effect of fertilizer N to soil N consumption. Due to the defects of the concept and calculation, and the poor interpretations and understands of the results, there are a lot of misunderstands in the literature and daily communication. Therefore, many improved method for calculating NUE were proposed by researchers. However, although these methods had been involved the residual effects of N fertilizer on succeeding crops, they didn’t touch the core issue of the replenishing effect of fertilizer N to soil N consumption. Based on the main N flows in the soil-crop system and the relationships between the fertilizer N, soil N and crop N uptake (called three N), I proposed the concept and calculation of nitrogen fertilizer availability ratio (NFAR) in this study. The core item for NFAR is that the residual fertilizer N is regard as the replenishing to soil N consumption. I recognize that the NFAR is 50%~60% and the loss rate of N fertilizer is 40%~50% under current N management practices in China based on the analysis the data from the 15N tracer field trial, which reflects the high loss of fertilizer N in practices. It is possible to increase NFAR to 70%~90% by improved fertilizer N and agronomic managements. The NFAR expand the idea for the effects of N fertilizer application. It would be important for demonstrating the real effects of crop N uptake and soil N fertility maintain by N fertilizer, and would reflect real loss to environments of N fertilizer application.

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巨晓棠.氮肥有效率的概念及意义——兼论对传统氮肥利用率的理解误区[J].土壤学报,2014,51(5):921-933. DOI:10.11766/trxb201405130230 juxiaotang. The concept and meanings of nitrogen fertilizer availability ratio ―Discussing misunderstanding of traditional nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(5):921-933.

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  • 收稿日期:2014-05-13
  • 最后修改日期:2014-06-21
  • 录用日期:2014-07-01
  • 在线发布日期: 2014-07-01
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