This paper is to explore effects of amendment of organic materials on soil microbial community and rice yield in newly reclaimed paddy field of primary saline-alkali soil. To that end, a 2-year field experiment, designed to have four treatments, i.e. Treatment KL (granulated straw), Treatment JG (normal straw), Treatment MC (forage) and Treatment YF (sheep manure), was carried out to explore effects of the application of the organic materials on microbial biomass, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, soil respiration intensity, activities of three types of soil enzymes and rice yield, and relationships of rice yield with various microbial indices. Treatment JG, MC and YF increased, to a varying extent, microbial biomass, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, activities of three types of soil enzymes in the soil, soil respiration intensity and rice yield as compared with the control group, but the differences between the treatments were not significant. However, the treatments applied with the same organic materials but in different form differed significantly in the effect. Treatment KL was higher than Treatment JG in the effect. Compared with CK), Treatment KL increased the population of soil bacteria by 39.45%, the population of soil actinomyces by 50.28% and the population of soil fungi by 89.91%, soil microbial biomass carbon by 63.21%, soil microbial biomass nitrogen by 46.02%, soil respiration intensity by 46.22%, catalase activity by 18.03%, invertase activity by 23.22%, cellulase activity by 79.32%, and rice yield by 130.58%. Populations of soil microbes (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) were closely related to 1 000-grain weight, seed setting rate, number of grains per ear and rice yield, soil microbial activity (soil respiration intensity, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen) to 1000-grain weight, number of effective spikes, number of grains per spike and rice yield. Among the three types of soil enzymesactivity (catalase, cellulase and invertase) were closely related to ear length and 1 000-grain weight.Under the same conditions, in the initial stage of soil amelioration of farmlands of primary saline-alkali soil, the application of organic materials had similar effects regardless of type of the organic material, but significantly different effects when the organic materials were of the same type, but different form.