【Objective】The objective of this study was to clarify the status of soil phosphorus(P)pools in rice-oilseed rape rotation areas in the Yangtze River Basin, and assessed the risk of soil P leaching. Alse it aimed to provide a reference for reasonable phosphorus application in the rice-oilseed rape rotation system in the Yangtze River Basin. 【Method】From April to May 2018, 247 soil samples of the cultivated layer after the oilseed rape harvest were collected in 14 provinces (cities/districts) around the Yangtze River Basin in typical rice-oilseed rape rotation regions to determine soil total phosphorus, available phosphorus (Olsen-P) and soluble phosphorus (CaCl₂-P). With reference to soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus grading indexes, the current status of soil phosphorus abundance and deficiency in rice-oilseed rape rotation areas in the Yangtze River Basin was clarified, and the quantitative relationship between Olsen-P and CaCl₂-P was established. According to the available phosphorus grading, 72 samples were selected for Hedley phosphorus fraction determination, and the distribution characteristics of soil phosphorus pool in rice-oilseed rape rotation were analyzed. 【Result】The results showed that the average content of total phosphorus, available phosphorus and CaCl₂-P in cultivated soils of rice-oilseed rape rotation area in the Yangtze River Basin were 0.62 g·kg^–1, 23.2 mg·kg^–1 and 0.49 mg·kg^–1, respectively. There was no significant difference in total phosphorus between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and 48.6% of the total area was in a state of abundance. The lack and excess of soil available phosphorus coexist, accounting for 23.1% and 31.1%, respectively. The areas of soil available phosphorus deficiency and excess were concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, respectively. Also the soil phosphorus pool was dominated by inorganic phosphorus, accounting for an average of 82.2%. The average content of H₂O-Pi, NaHCO₃-Pi, NaOH-Pi, HCl-Pi, NaHCO₃-Po, NaOH-Po and Residual-P pools were 10.8, 46.8, 115.6, 218.6, 22.3, 104.9 and 193.8 mg·kg^–1, respectively. With an increase in soil available phosphorus levels, the contents of NaHCO₃-Pi and NaOH-Pi increased significantly, and the stable phosphorus pools(HCl-Pi and Residual-P)were relatively stable. The relationship between Olsen-P and CaCl₂-P conformed to the double-line model. When a change point appeard, the content of Olsen-P was 39.9 mg·kg^–1with a corresponding content of CaCl₂-P of 0.6 mg·kg^–1. Also, when the Olsen-P content was greater than 39.9 mg·kg^–1, the risk of soil phosphorus leaching increased. 【Conclusion】 Generally, the soil phosphorus content in the rice-oilseed rape rotation area in the Yangtze River Basin showed an upward trend and 13.0% of this area was at a high risk of phosphorus leaching. Also, the soil phosphorus mainly accumulated in stable phosphorus pools. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the rational application of phosphorus fertilizers, appropriately reduce phosphorus fertilizer input, and tap the potential of stable phosphorus pools in soils. Thus, this will reduce soil Olsen-P accumulation, environmental P loss in the rice-oilseed rape rotation system, and improve crop P fertilizer utilization.