【Objective】The periphytic biofilms widely distributed between the water-soil interface are key hot areas and necessary places for material migration and energy exchange in the paddy ecosystem. However, few studies have paid attention to the community characteristics and regulatory functions of the paddy periphytic biofilm. 【Method】In order to further understand the function of periphytic biofilm biological phosphorus capture, this study selects the periphytic biofilms in the main rice areas in China, covering three rice planting areas in the South China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Northeast. The composition and structure of periphytic biofilms communities are analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology, combined with PLS-PM and regression analysis to reveal factors affecting the capture of phosphorus by periphytic biofilms around the paddy field. 【Result】There are significant differences in soil physical and chemical properties in different paddy regions (P < 0.05). The phosphorus capture capacity of the periphytic biofilms in main rice regions in China showed an increasing trend from north to south and west to east. There are significant differences in the composition of the periphytic biofilms community of paddy fields in different regions (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the periphytic biofilms in South China are dominated by prokaryotic microorganisms such as Acinetobacter and Proteiniclasticum and eukaryotic microorganisms such as Gregarina and Adriamonas. The periphytic biofilms in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are mainly prokaryotic microorganisms such as Bacillus and Cloacibacterium and eukaryotic microorganisms such as Gregarina and Vermamoeba. In the Northeast, periphytic biofilms are composed of prokaryotic microorganisms dominated by Flavisolibacter and Anaerolinea and eukaryotic microorganisms dominated by Adriamonas and Vermamoeba. It was found that the physical and chemical properties of soil (especially soil organic carbon and pH of floodwater) correlated with the diversity of the periphytic biofilms community. The microalgae in the periphytic biofilms in South China play a certain role in promoting the capture of phosphorus, while the phosphorus accumulating bacteria in the periphytic biofilms in the northeast have a positive effect on the capture of phosphorus. 【Conclusion】This study provides deep insight into the understanding of the composition and structure of the periphytic biofilms and their regulation in the phosphorus cycle in paddy fields through analysis of the phosphorus capture capacity of periphytic biofilms in paddy fields in different regions of China. Also, this study provides a theoretical basis for the future development of biotechnology to recycle surplus phosphorous in paddy fields.