【Objective】In calcareous soils, iron (Fe) generally exists in the form of oxides or hydroxides, which is not conducive to plant absorption and utilization, thus frequently causing Fe deficiency in plants. In flooded acidic soils, such as paddy soil, due to conditions of irrigation and drainage and alternate cultivation of water and drought, the redox potential of the soil is low and ferric Fe is reduced to be ferrous. The ferrous Fe is readily absorbed and utilized, resulting in excessive Fe absorption by plants. Fe deficiency and excess are limiting factors affecting rice yield and quality. Fe deficiency leads to chlorosis and reduces plant growth while Fe overload is toxic for plants, with a typical symptom of leaf bronzing. Several transcriptome analyses have been performed to investigate the responses under Fe stress. However, a comprehensive dissection of the entire Fe-responsive profile at the protein level is still lacking. It is necessary to analyze the rice responses under Fe deficiency and Fe excess using proteomic analysis. 【Method】 In this study, a label-free proteomic analysis was performed on rice shoots grown in Fe-deficient (0 μmol·L^-1), Fe-sufficient (40 μmol·L^-1), and Fe-excess (350 and 500 μmol·L^-1) conditions. 【Result】Results showed that 130, 157 and 118 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified under Fe deficiency and two concentrations of Fe excess stresses, respectively, compared with Fe sufficient conditions. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of the DAPs revealed that primary metabolic process, organonitrogen compound metabolic process, response to stimulus, and oxidative stress responses were significantly enriched under both Fe deficiency and excess stresses. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that DAPs under Fe deficiency and Fe excess were commonly enriched in metabolic processes like the ribosome, photosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Notably, the abundance of proteins involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and biosynthesis of cofactors was mainly affected by Fe deficiency, while the abundance of proteins involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids was mainly influenced by Fe excess. Under Fe excess stress, the abundance of enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism was decreased, indicating a reduction in the content of plant-synthesized amino acids. However, the increased abundance of transketolase involved in photosynthesis and secondary metabolism probably reduced the inhibitory effect induced by Fe stress. Ribosomal proteins S16, Os03g0798600 and RPL17 may play important roles in response to Fe deficiency and Fe excess stresses, but the exact functions of these proteins under Fe stress are still unknown. Several novel proteins which may play potential roles in rice Fe homeostasis were also predicted in this study. 【Conclusion】Overall, our results indicate both Fe deficiency and Fe excess stresses affected photosynthesis and ribosomal metabolism. The synthesis of phenylpropane was mainly affected by Fe deficiency, while amino acid metabolism was mainly affected by Fe excess in the shoots of rice. The findings will provide some information for the exploration of key factors for the efficient absorption and utilization of Fe.