【Objective】Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, and extremely small changes in SOC could cause dramatic changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Accurately grasping the spatial distribution characteristics of SOC and its main controlling factors is an important requirement for improving soil carbon sequestration potential and coping with climate change. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of SOC in the topsoil layer (A genetic horizon), subsoil layer (B genetic horizon), and parent material layer (Parent material) in Anhui Province from the perspective of the soil profile occurrence layer and explore the factors controlling the changes of SOC in different profile occurrence layers.【Method】 In this study, a total of 451 sites were distributed in the study area using the systematic distribution method combined with the judgmental distribution method. The basic soil parameters, such as SOC content, pH, soil texture, and bulk density, were obtained from 451 sites through wild sampling and indoor experiments. Meanwhile, the related environmental variables, such as climatic factors, topographic factors, and normalized difference vegetation index, were also collected. Also, we used geostatistical methods to obtain the best half-variance function model and spatial distribution characteristics of SOC content at different soil profile levels, as well as correlation analysis and random forest regression analysis to explore the influencing factors of spatial differences in SOC content.【Result】The results showed that the average organic carbon content of the soil profile in Anhui Province was 8.47 g?kg-1 and there was a phenomenon of surface aggregation of SOC, whose occurrence in the layer was as follows: A genetic horizon: 15.86 g?kg-1 ＞ B genetic horizon: 5.80 g?kg-1 ＞ Parent material: 3.74 g?kg-1 and all of them had moderate spatial variability. The spatial distribution map of SOC showed that the spatial distribution of organic carbon content in each occurrence layer was generally increasing from north to south. We also found that there were some differences in the driving factors of SOC content in different profiles of the occurrence layer. In the A genetic horizon, soil texture, and bulk density were the most important factors affecting SOC content; as the depth of the soil layer increased, the influence of topographic factors and soil texture gradually strengthened on the accumulation of SOC content in the B genetic horizon. For the Parent material, the influence of soil texture, topographic factors, and bulk density were all more influential on the SOC content.【Conclusion】Soil texture is the main factor driving the spatial distribution characteristics of SOC in Anhui Province, but the effects of topographic factors and bulk density should also be fully considered in the subsequent development of SOC control measures, to provide theoretical support for improving soil quality and coping with climate change.