Abstract：【Objective】Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in soil microbial ecological networks and can form symbiotic structures with about 80% of plants, making them a key component of sustainable soil management. 【Methods】In order to reveal the response mechanism of soil AMF and their ecological network to straw return in the fluvo-aquic soil area of North China Plain, experimental plots with different straw return treatments were chosen under long-term wheat-maize rotation, and high-throughput sequencing and ecological network analyses were applied to elucidate the composition of soil mycorrhizal practices and fertilization treatments. The experiment was set up with five treatments and three replications, including T1: straw removal + PK fertilizer; T2: straw mulching + PK fertilizer; T3: straw removal + NPK fertilizer; T4: straw mulching + NPK fertilizer; and T5: straw burying + NPK fertilizer.【Results】The results showed that: (1) Straw incorporation with NPK fertilizer significantly decreased soil pH and increased the content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus (P < 0.05). This suggests that the combination of straw and NPK fertilizer is effective in enhancing soil fertility. (2) Different treatments of straw burial and nitrogen fertilizer application significantly affected the community composition of AMF, however, there was no significant difference in the alpha diversity of the communities. Nevertheless, Glomus and Paraglomus were the main dominant genera of the AMF community in the fluvo-aquic soil, highlighting their important role in these ecosystems. (3) Co-occurrence network analysis revealed seven distinct ecological network modules. Notably, the species abundance in module VI showed a significant positive correlation with several soil nutrient indices, including organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and total nitrogen (P < 0.05). This module also exhibited a significant positive correlation with N-acetylglucosaminidase activity, an enzyme involved in nitrogen cycling (P < 0.05). Conversely, the species abundance in module VI was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH (P < 0.05).【Conclusion】Different straw returning methods can effectively regulate soil fertility by improving soil physicochemical properties, modulating the structure and diversity of soil microbial communities, and adjusting AMF network interactions. By understanding the complex interactions between AMF communities and soil management practices, we can develop more effective strategies for maintaining soil health and productivity. This research provides valuable insights into the mechanisms by which straw returning and fertilization treatments influence AMF communities and their ecological networks, offering a foundation for future studies and practical applications in sustainable agriculture.