Farmland shelterbelt systems are crucial for improving soil moisture and carbon conditions, ensuring crop production, and enhancing the quality of the ecological environment. However, while serving as a barrier to agricultural ecosystems, farmland shelterbelts also compete with crops for nutrients and moisture resources, resulting in both positive and negative environmental effects. Therefore, exploring the factors influencing the spatiotemporal variations of moisture and carbon conditions within farmland shelterbelts with typical configuration is essential to effectively enhance the ecological benefits of farmland shelterbelt systems, scientifically constructing shelterbelt forests, and improving the ecological environment. In this study, we selected typical configurations of farmland shelterbelt systems, including two-row, four-row, five-row, and eight-row forest belts in the Hetao Irrigation Area. We measured the soil moisture storage (SMS) and soil carbon stocks (SCS) across various spatial positions at different horizontal distances from the shelterbelts (0.3H, 1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, where H represents the height of mature trees) and at different depths (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm, 60-80 cm, 80-100 cm), as well as at different temporal scales (early, mid, and late growing seasons across various months). Additionally, the study examined ecological environmental factors, including soil properties, vegetation attributes, and microclimatic factors, to investigate the key factors influencing soil moisture storage and soil carbon stocks within farmland shelterbelt systems. The results showed that: (1) SMS and SCS were highest in the four-row forest belts, with 240.2 mm and 26.7 kg·m-2, respectively, and lowest in the two-row forest belts, with 195.4 mm and 16.1 kg·m-2, respectively. Overall, the general pattern of soil moisture storage and soil carbon stocks across different shelterbelt configurations was four-row > eight-row > five-row > two-row. (2) For the temporal scale, the highest mean SMS (277.7 mm) was recorded in May, while the highest mean SCS (22.04 kg·m-2) was recorded in October. Regarding the horizontal distance, SMS exhibited an increasing trend with distance from the shelterbelt, whereas SCS displayed a decreasing trend. In terms of vertical depth, SMS increased with depth, while SCS gradually decreased as depth increased. (3) Farmland shelterbelts significantly reduced wind speed, solar radiation, and air temperature while enhancing relative humidity and minimizing soil evaporation, with the four-row forest belts exhibiting optimal microclimatic regulation and overall benefits. (4) The ranking of ecological environmental factors affecting soil moisture storage and soil carbon stocks was as follows: soil properties > microclimate factors > vegetation attributes. By analyzing and evaluating the effects of each environmental factor on SMS and SCS under different patterns of farmland shelterbelt systems, this study provides a theoretical basis and scientific foundation for constructing farmland shelterbelt ecosystems.