【Objective】 Soil quality is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable crop production. However, due to its low pH and acid buffering capacity, the red soil is prone to losing its quality, thus, necessitating continuous research in quality management practices. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality enhancement potential of organic fertilizers of plant and animal sources when applied to red soil. 【Method】 Based on a long-term positioning experiment in Yingtan, Jiangxi Province that started in 2011, we analyzed the effects of equal carbon inputs of organic materials of plant sources such as straw (NPKS) and biomass charcoal (NPKB) on top of chemical fertilizers (NPK) and hog manure of animal sources (NPKM) on soil quality and productivity of red soil sloping cropland. The objective of this study was investigated by subjecting our samples and/or data to CT tomography, metagenome sequencing, and random forests. 【Result】 The results showed that the dosing of the three organic materials had significant differences in enhancing the quality of red soil, and the organic fertilizer of animal origin (NPKM) was better than that of plant origin (NPKS and NPKB) compared with the NPK treatment. Also, the NPKM significantly improved the soil pore structure, which led to an increase of 53% and 60% in macro-porosity and connected porosity, respectively (p < 0.05), whereas the NPKS and NPKB treatments had no significant effect. Moreover, NPKM significantly improved soil chemical properties including pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen by 0.9 pH units, 89%, and 63%, respectively, compared to the NPK treatment. Of the plant-derived organic materials, only NPKB significantly increased SOC content (P<0.05). In addition, the soil microbial diversity was significantly increased in the NPKM treatment, with Shannon's index increasing from 1.8 to 2.0 and Simpson's index decreasing from 0.3 to 0.2. Furthermore, NPKB only significantly increased Shannon's index, while NPKS significantly decreased Simpson's index (P<0.05). The application of different organic materials changed the distribution of the community structure of the dominant flora at the phylum level, decreased the relative abundance of Chloroflexi, and increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, with the greatest change observed in the NPKM treatment. Dosing of organic materials significantly increased peanut yield, with the most significant increase of 104% in the dosing of pig manure. 【Conclusion】 The result of this study revealed that the main factors affecting peanut yield were TN, SOC, pH, and microbial abundance, thus, providing an important scientific reference for the efficient fertilization of red soil sloping cropland.