A healthy soil is the foundation for ensuring food security and serves as a core pillar for achieving agricultural green development. However, current intensive agricultural systems are primarily focused on maximizing crop yields, relying heavily on high-yielding crop varieties and external inputs such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. This overreliance often overlooks the impact of crops and field management practices on soil health, leading to various forms of soil degradation that negatively affect crop productivity and food quality. Drawing on the ecological concept of plant-soil feedback (PSF), this paper proposes a new systematic research paradigm that places soil health as the key to the co-improvement of farmland quality and crop productivity. Future sustainable agriculture urgently requires the development of system-based strategies and solutions grounded in PSF theory, integrating aboveground crop management with belowground soil processes in a tightly coupled manner. By elucidating the reciprocal interactions among different components of the soil ecosystem, we can develop soil health management technologies based on positive plant-soil feedback, thereby enhancing the synergy between productivity and other soil multifunctionalities. Specifically, at the individual plant level, modern molecular breeding and functional genomics can be leveraged to modify root architecture, root exudate composition, and signal transduction properties in a targeted way. This enables the precise recruitment of beneficial microbes and suppression of pathogens, triggering cascade amplification effects that reinforce positive feedback loops and mitigate negative ones. At the field management level, integrated strategies such as crop-microbiome holobiont breeding, optimized nutrient management, conservation tillage, and diversified cropping systems can promote beneficial interactions between crops and soils. These approaches reduce dependence on external inputs, improve internal system efficiency, and ultimately achieve the co-enhancement of crop yield and soil health.