【Objective】Soil gross nitrogen (N) transformation processes are fundamental and critical components of terrestrial N cycling. However, the mechanisms controlling gross N transformation rates and their controlling factors across soils with contrasting properties and land uses remain underexplored.【Method】Seven typical soils from three major ecosystems in China were selected: forest (Changsha, Linzhi, Chongqing), grassland (Duolun, Bayanbulak), and upland (Shangzhuang, Quzhou). A short-term incubation experiment was conducted using the?1?N isotope dilution technique combined with a numerical N tracing model. Ten key gross N transformation processes were quantified. 【Result】 Mineralization, immobilization, and autotrophic nitrification were identified as the dominant gross N transformation pathways. No significant differences in gross transformation rates were found among land use types. The means (±S.D.) of gross mineralization rates were 1.40±1.31, 2.07±1.46, and 1.83±0.01 mg·kg?1·d?1 for forest, grassland, and upland soils; corresponding to gross immobilization rates of 4.24±3.04, 6.93±3.79, and 5.54±2.00 mg·kg?1·d?1, and gross nitrification rates of 1.47±1.30, 3.75±1.86, and 5.26±2.52 mg·kg?1·d?1, respectively. Significant differences were observed between individual soils in most gross N transformation rates, indicating spatial heterogeneity in soil N supply and retention capacity. Correlation analysis showed that gross mineralization rates were positively correlated with soil organic carbon and negatively correlated with bulk density, whereas gross nitrification rates were positively correlated with soil salinity. 【Conclusion】These results demonstrate that soil properties and environmental factors jointly regulate the gross N transformation process. Under the context of global change, a multi-scale and multi-factor integrative framework, explicitly accounting for land use type, soil characteristics, and environmental conditions, is essential for improving the accuracy of ecosystem N dynamics modeling and predicting nitrogen loss risks.