【Objective】The combined application of crop straw with chemical fertilizers and manure is an effective measure to improve soil quality, but its effect on wheat yield and its mechanism in the different textures of fluvo-aquic soils are still unclear. 【Method】Here, we examined shifts in soil quality and wheat grain yield when three soil textures (sandy, loam and clay) were subjected to different management strategies and through a 7-year field experiment at the Fengqiu Agro-Ecological Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Five different treatments were used: no fertilizer or crop straw returning (N0S0), crop straw returning (N0S), traditional chemical fertilization (NS0), crop straw returning with chemical fertilizer (NS), and crop straw returning with chemical fertilizer and the nitrogen was substituted 20% by chicken manure (NSM). 【Result】The results showed that compared with the N0S0 treatment, the grain yield under the NS treatment was increased by 611.56%, 440.00%, and 403.55% while under the NSM treatment, it was increased by 676.56%, 546.67% and 492.86%, respectively. In sandy, loam, and clay soils, compared with the N0S0 treatment, the soil quality index (SQI) under the N0S and NS0 treatments was significantly increased, with that under the NS treatment being more significant. In sandy soil, the SQI of the NSM treatment was better than that of the NS treatment, but in loam and clay soils, the SQI of the NSM and NS treatments showed no significant differences. Random forest analysis indicated that in sandy soil, grain yield was significantly affected by pH, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AHN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), available phosphorus (AP), soil organic carbon (SOC), and available potassium (AK), in loam soil, it was significantly affected by AP, pH, AK, AHN, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and SOC, while in clay soil, grain yield was significantly affected by AP, DON, AHN, and pH. The partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) showed that in sandy, loam, and clay soils, the soil properties significantly affecting grain yield were significantly regulated by management strategies, and all of these properties had significant effects on SQI, and SQI had direct significant effects on grain yield. The key soil properties affecting grain yield could be used as indicators to monitor the changes in soil quality and grain yield to select management strategies. In addition, in loam soil, SQI also indirectly affected the grain yield by affecting wheat yield components. 【Conclusion】The combined application of crop straw with chemical fertilizers and chicken manure improved soil quality and directly or indirectly affected grain yield through different action modes in the different textures of fluvo-aquic soils.