万寿菊生物熏蒸对连作苹果幼苗和土壤微生物的影响
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国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金项目(CARS-28);国家自然科学基金项目(31672104);国 家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0201114)


Effects of Soil Biofumigation Using Tateges erecta Powder on Growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Seedlings and Soil Microorganisms in Old Apple Orchard Soil
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the National Modern Agricultural Industry Technical System Construction Special Fund Project of China (Grant No. CARS-28); National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31672104); National Key Research and Development Plan (Grant No. 2016YFD0201114)

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    摘要:

    以苹果(平邑甜茶)幼苗为试验材料,盆栽条件下以万寿菊植株风干粉末拌土熏蒸老苹果园土壤,为环境友好型熏蒸措施防控苹果连作障碍提供理论依据。试验设置老龄苹果园土壤对照(未作处理,CK)、覆膜(未拌入万寿菊,F)、万寿菊1.5 g kg-1+覆膜(1.5T+F)、万寿菊6.0 g kg-1+覆膜(6.0T+F)、万寿菊15.0 g kg-1+覆膜(15.0T+F)。结果表明,与对照相比,万寿菊生物熏蒸处理能显著提高连作土壤中平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量,促进根系生长,提高土壤酶活性,土壤真菌减少、细菌增多。6.0 g kg-1处理的效果最明显,幼苗地上部及根系干重分别为对照的8.1倍、13.1倍,根表面积及根体积分别增加了333.0%、548.4%;脲酶、磷酸酶活性分别较对照高103.6%、77.6%,蔗糖酶活性高出200.4%,过氧化氢酶活性升高64.6%;土壤细菌/真菌比值为219.9,是对照的5.6倍;真菌多样性、均匀度和丰富度指数均降低,优势度指数增加;层出镰孢菌基因拷贝数较对照降低57.9%。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,万寿菊生物熏蒸处理对连作土壤真菌群落多样性有显著影响,能够显著减少层出镰孢菌的数量。综上,连作土壤中添加6.0 g kg-1万寿菊进行生物熏蒸可提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量,改善连作土壤环境,有效缓解平邑甜茶的连作障碍。

    Abstract:

    【Objective】Biofumigation has been broadly used to describe the action of fumigants releasing volatile compounds during biodegradation of green manure, organic amendments and compost suppressing soilborne pests and diseases and controlling weeds. It could be considered as a ‘natural’ alternative to chemical fumigation and control of a variety of soilborne diseases and hence has been suggested as a means to mitigate certain adverse effects, like infestation of soil diseases of continuous cropping on the soils. Researches in the past already demonstrated that biofumigation of soils under continuous cropping (SUCC) with Brassica juncea could effectively control soilborne pests and pathogens, change soil microbial community composition, and provide some additional nutrients. In order to explore feasibility of using marigold (Tateges erecta) as biofumigant to alleviate the hazard left by continuous cropping of apple trees in orchards, in an attempt to provide a theoretical basis for extrapolating such an environment friendly fumigation measure to control soil-borne diseases in apple orchards, a pot experiment was carried out【Method】The pot experiment was designed to have 5 treatments, i.e. Treatment CK (untreated old orchard soil), Treatment F (mulched with film), Treatment 1.5T+F (1.5 g kg-1 Tateges erecta powder incorporated and mulched with film), Treatment 6.0T+F (6.0 g kg-1 Tateges erecta powder plus mulching), Treatment 15.0T+F (15.0 g kg-1 Tateges erecta powder plus mulching). All the pots in the experiment were filled up with the same soil from a 25 years old apple orchard in Wangzhuang Village, Manzhuang Town, Tai'an of Shandong, China, divided into five groups and treated separately in line with the designing. Tateges erecta powder was prepared after the plant was washed in tap water, air-dried, and pulverized with a high speed grinder, and then stored in a sealing bag ready for use. All the pots were mulched with film after watering except for Treatment CK. Then 15 days later, all the mulched pots had the film removed and remained exposed to sunlight for 7 days, before Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings were planted. At the end of the experiment, samples of the soils and plants in the pots were collected, separately, for analysis of biomass and root morphological indices, activities of soil enzymes (urease, phosphatase, invertase and catalase), soil microbial population and fungal community structure. Soil microbial population was determined with the dilution plating method; fungi community structure with the technique of terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP); and copy number of Fusarium proliferatum with the real-time quantitative PCR detecting system (QPCR). 【Result】 Compared with Treatment CK, the biofumigation significantly increase the biomass of apple seedlings, promoted root growth and improved activities of the soil enzymes. And Treatment 6.0T+F was the most significant in effect and was 8.1 and 13.1 times as high as Treatment CK in dry weight of shoot and root, 333.0% and 548.4% higher than Treatment CK in root surface area and root volume, 103.6% and 77.6% higher in activities of urease and phosphatase, respectively, 200.4% higher in invertase activity and 64.6% higher in catalase activity. Besides, the treatment was higher in bacterial population, but lower in fungal population, with the ratio of bacteria to fungi reaching up to 219.9, or about 5.6 times that of Treatment CK, and consequently lower in Shannon diversity index, evenness index and richness index but higher in Simpson's index of the fungi community. And gene copies of Fusarium proliferatum decreased by 57.9% in the treatment. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the fungal communities in the soils varying in Tateges erecta powder treatment rate were completely separated from that in the control. 【Conclusion】To sum up, Biofumigation using Tateges erecta powder at a proper rate (6.0 g kg-1) of old orchard soils may increase the number of beneficial bacteria, inhibit propagation of soil pathogenic fungi, and preserve the diversity of the soil microbial community structure, and then effectively alleviate the hazard continuous cropping poses to replanting and improve growth of the replants.

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王晓芳,徐少卓,王 玫,段亚楠,王海燕,盛月凡,毛志泉.万寿菊生物熏蒸对连作苹果幼苗和土壤微生物的影响[J].土壤学报,2018,55(1):213-224. DOI:10.11766/trxb201708220186 WANG Xiaofang, XU Shaozhuo, WANG Mei, DUAN Yanan, WANG Haiyan, SHENG Yuefan, MAO Zhiquan. Effects of Soil Biofumigation Using Tateges erecta Powder on Growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Seedlings and Soil Microorganisms in Old Apple Orchard Soil[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(1):213-224.

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  • 收稿日期:2017-05-04
  • 最后修改日期:2017-10-10
  • 录用日期:2017-10-23
  • 在线发布日期: 2017-10-30
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