【Objective】The combined application of crop straw with chemical fertilizers and chicken manure can change soil microbial community structure and the interaction between microorganisms. However, whether there is a correlation between these changes and wheat yield remains unclear. 【Method】A 7-year field experiment was used as the research platform, and this included five management strategies: (1) N0S0: no fertilizer or crop straw returning, (2) N0S: crop straw returning, (3) NS0: traditional chemical fertilization, (4) NS: crop straw returning with chemical fertilizer, and (5) NSM: crop straw returning with chemical fertilizer and the nitrogen was substituted 20% by chicken manure. The effects of different management strategies on microbial community composition in bacterial-fungal co-occurrence networks and the correlation between key microorganisms and wheat yield were studied. 【Result】The results showed that compared with N0S0 treatment, the grain yield of wheat under NS0, NS and NSM treatments increased by 539.20%, 611.56% and 676.56%, respectively, while there was no significant change under N0S treatment. The bacterial and fungal community compositions were divided into three significantly different groups: N0S0 and N0S, NS0, and NS and NSM, respectively, indicating that the microbial community composition was significantly different with or without chemical fertilizer application. Under both chemical fertilizer applications, there was a significant difference in whether organic materials were applied. Ranked from high to low importance, we found that available phosphorus, electrical conductivity, microbial biomass nitrogen, soil organic carbon, readily oxidizable organic carbon, and particulate organic carbon were the main soil physicochemical properties that caused the changes in bacterial community composition under different treatments. Also, electrical conductivity, microbial biomass nitrogen, readily oxidizable organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, available phosphorus, and soil organic carbon were the main soil physicochemical properties that caused the changes in fungal community composition under different treatments. In the bacterial-fungal co-occurrence network, two key modules (module 1 and module 4) were significantly correlated with wheat yield changes. NS+NSM treatments increased the relative abundance of beneficial microorganisms in module 4, including Nocardioides, Cellulomonas, Pir4_lineage, Chrysosporium, Acaulium, and Schizothecium, which were positively correlated with wheat yield. These beneficial microorganisms could degrade cellulose and lignin, promote nutrient conversion and recycling, or inhibit the growth of the potential pathogen. NS+NSM treatments also significantly reduced the relative abundance of plant pathogenic fungi in module 1, including Stachybotrys, Achroiostachys, and Fusicolla, which were negatively correlated with wheat yield and were detrimental to soil health and crop growth. 【Conclusion】Therefore, crop straw returning with chemical fertilizer and crop straw returning with chemical fertilizer and chicken manure were beneficial to the increase of key beneficial microorganisms and the decrease of pathogenic fungi. The function and the relative abundance of key microorganisms had effects on wheat yield.