【Objective】 Soil microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is an important indicator reflecting the regulation of the soil carbon cycle by microorganisms through their metabolism. However, the response and driving factors of soil microbial CUE to different management measures in cropland ecosystems are still unclear. This hinders a deep understanding of soil organic carbon turnover, rapid improvement of soil fertility, and effective mitigation of climate change.【Method】 Published literature worldwide was collected, and 198 paired of relatively independent soil microbial CUE databases under different cropland management measures were established, including ¹³C-labeled substrate(CUE_13C), ¹⁸O-labeled water (CUE_18O) and stoichiometric model (CUE_ST) approaches. It was quantitatively evaluated the response of soil microbial CUE to different cropland management measures under specific climate, soil properties, and experimental conditions by meta-analysis, combining Pearson and regression analysis to study the biotic and abiotic factors that control soil microbial CUE variation.【Result】 (1) Compared with no biochar addition, biochar addition increased soil microbial CUE_13C and CUE_18O by 9.40% and 18.22%, respectively, while CUE_ST decreased by 40.01%. Compared with no fertilization, the application of chemical fertilizers could reduce soil microbial CUE_18O(-4.71%), but increased soil microbial CUE_ST(28.20%), whereas straw amendments led to a decrease in soil microbial CUE_18O and CUE_ST by 14.08% and 28.64%, respectively. Relative to conventional tillage, no or reduced tillage significantly increased soil microbial CUE_13C, CUE_18O, and CUE_ST(-2.12%-15.45%). (2) There were significant differences in the effects of cropland management measures on soil microbial CUE under different climates, soil properties and experiment duration. Cropland management measures in semi-arid and humid areas reduced the soil microbial CUE_13C by 8.80% and increased by 4.69%, but the soil microbial CUE_18O decreased from 44.57% to -2.31%. When the soil organic carbon content was > 12 g·kg^-1, cropland management measures increased the soil microbial CUE_13C and CUE_ST by 7.79% and 12.87%, respectively. In the transition from acidic to alkaline soils, cropland management measures caused the soil microbial CUE_13C to decrease from 12.74% to -7.51%. Also, as soil clay content increased, soil microbial CUE_13C and CUE_ST decreased, while soil microbial CUE_18O showed an increasing trend. With the increase of soil cation exchange capacity, soil microbial CUE_18O and CUE_ST showed a decreasing trend. When the experiment duration was 3-10 years, cropland management measures increased soil microbial CUE_18O by 43.49% while soil microbial CUE_ST decreased by 23.72%. (3) Soil microbial CUE_13C increased with aridity index and decreased with soil pH. Furthermore, the soil microbial CUE_18O increased with soil microbial growth rate and soil microbial biomass carbon. Soil organic carbon, β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase were positively correlated with soil microbial CUE_ST(P < 0.05) whereas soil clay content was negatively correlated with soil microbial CUE_ST(P < 0.01). 【Conclusion】 Considering climatic factors and soil chemical properties, and the response of microbial activity and function to cropland management measures at a specific site is conducive to adjusting the soil microbial CUE at the microbial community or cell level, thereby effectively promoting soil carbon formation and accumulation in cropland ecosystems.