The paper dealed with the characteristics of soil fertility in Hongge immigration's reclamation area of Ertan Hydropower Station. The results showed that the contents of soil organic matter varied from 4.08g/kg to 4.39g/kg in Hongge immigration's reclamation area of Ertan hydropower Station and were lower than those of the soils with higher fertility in nearby regions. The contents of soil humic acid only accounted for 3.73%-7.15% of soil organic matter. The amounts of microbes were much less than those of the soils with higher fertility in nearby. A large number of gravels or stones were found in the soils of Hongge immigration's reclamation area, and the degree of aggregation <0.01lmm soil physical particle only varied from 10.4% to 28.9%, so that soil and water loss was high. The soil drought in the area was much more serious than that of the soils in nearby regions due to low soil water preserving capability and high rate of soil water evaporation. The soils in the area were short of or much more short of N, P, K and trace element nutrients B, Mo, Cu, Zn Fe and Mn. The application of synthetic agricultural technology with high yields and high effects based on improvement of soil fertility and saving water and drought resistant was basic guarantee that immigrations would live and work in peace and contentment in Hongge immigration's reclamation area of Ertan Hydropower Station.