Field experiments were carried out to study effect of chemical fertilizer (CF) and different composts on yield of rapeseeds, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen supply and soil microbial diversity. Pig manure compost (PMC)，Chinese medicinal herb residue compost (MRC) and chicken manure compost (CMC) were mixed separately with chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). All the treatments, except the CK, received the same rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Results show that all the fertilization treatments were higher in yield than CK. Compared with Treatment CF, the treatments of organic-inorganic compound increased the yield by 12.7%～33.2%, promoted nitrogen uptake and increased dry matter accumulation, thus increasing nitrogen use efficiency. Besides, they also improved soil nitrogen supply compared with Treatment CF and CK. Eighbor Joining analysis indicated that, in terms of bacteria in the soils, the five treatments could be classified into three clusters. The soil bacterial communities in Treatment CF and CK belonged to the same cluster, while Treatment MRC to the second cluster, and Treatments PMC and CMC to the third cluster. Application of organic fertilizers altered soil bacterial communities, while application of CF had little effect.