Spatial distribution of the soil types in the Manas River Basin was analyzed quantitatively by means of the Geographic Information System and the principles of Landscape Ecology. Results show that the dissociation index of the soil types in the basin varies in the range of 0～3，which means they are quite concentrated in distribution. A spatial fractal structure does exist with the soil. And the mosaic complexity of the soil types differs remarkably. The highest fractal dimension belongs to the meadow saline soil，being 1.709，that is to say，the most complex in mosaic complexity. The highest average shape index lies with the new soil，being 3.684，which means this type has a higher aspect ratio，as well as a higher deviation degree from a square or round. The diversity index of the soil types is 3.037 and the uniformity index is 0.803，indicating their high heterogeneity and high diversity within the research area. The dominance index of the soil types is 2.465 and the patch density index is 0.0273，which show that the soil in Manas River Basin is dominated by a few soil types，such as the semi-fixed aeolian soil.