In view of the increasingly serious global environmental problems, this paper summarized the theoretical and practical development in science and technology of domestic and international environmental protection. Based on this summarization, we preliminarily discussed the developments of water environmental protection, soil environmental protection, atmospheric environmental protection, biological conservation and mineral resources’ environmental protection and their progresses on scientific and technological research from the perspective of earth system science, and put forward the strategic focuses of China's environmental protection, respectively. Finally, the development trend of future environmental protection was summarily analyzed.