Research on China’s soil protection strategy from state macroscopic and long term perspectives is of great significance for sustainable use and protection of soil resources, improvement of soil environmental quality, and ensuring agricultural production and food safety. Based on analysis of advancement and development trends of soil protection at home and abroad, this paper identifies some shortcomings in soil protection in China and gaps as compared to systems in place in developed countries and raises the key issues in the macrostrategy research on soil resources and the environment. These issues include (1) major problems of current soil protection in China; (2) guiding ideology and theory (namely macro strategy) of soil protection in China, comprising strategic concepts, guidance, objectives, missions and emphasis; (3) countermeasures in the soil protection strategy in China, consisting of management, standards, science and technology, regional soil protection, environmental protection and remediation of major soil types. This paper provides a useful reference for establishing and implementing strategic planning of soil protection in China.