In order to understand distribution characteristics of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in the Dianchi watershed at the watershed scale, soil pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and soil organic matter were analyzed of 130 surface soil samples collected from lands different in land-use type in the Dianchi Basin. Results show that the soils in the major farming regions including Dounan, Majingpu and Jincheng in the basin east to Lake Dianchi and some of Xishan, were higher in total N, and those in Songhuaba in the north, Baoxiang River area in the northeast, and the mountains in the south of the watershed were lower. The highest and the lowest TN content was found in Dounan (2.21 g kg^-1) and Baoxiang River area (1.32 g kg^-1), respectively. And the soils in Shangsuan in the south and Majingpu, Dounan and Jincheng in the east of the watershed were the highest in total P, and followed by those in Xishan are Dongda River area, and those in Songhuaba in the north and Baoxiang River area in the northeast the lowest. The highest and lowest content of TP was found in Shangsuan (2.21 g kg^-1) and Baoxiang River area (0.80 g kg^-1), respectively. The findings suggest that in the greenhouse farming dominated regions, lakeside plains and flat tablelands, the application of large volumes of chemical fertilizers has led to high accumulation of N and P in the soil, thus making these areas highly potential non-point source agricultural pollution sources. It is, therefore, necessary to intensify control and management of non-point source pollution in those areas.