In 1974, Satoshi Ōmura, a Japanese microbiologist and expert in isolating natural products, isolated new strains of Streptomyces from soil samples. He found that this strain can produce a bioactive compound named Avermectin, which was subsequently chemically modified to a more effective compound called Ivermectin by Williman Campbell from Merck Company. Ivermectine was later tested in humans with parasitic infections and effectively killed parasite larvae, leading to a Nobel Prize in 2015. The rapid advance of new techniques such as single-cell isolation and high-throughput screening may revolutionize culture-dependent study and downstream applications. This will dramatically change the landscape of DNA/RNA-based research of microbial resource on Earth, and soil microbiology represents one of the most important research fields in future.