【Objective】 Owing to the limitation of soil resources in the traditional wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) production regions, monocropping of the plants has become one of the major factors affecting sustainable development of the industry of wolfberry production and causing serious economic loss every year in Ningxia. It is, therefore, of great theoretic significance to sustainable development of the industry to explore effects of monocropping of the plants on evolution of the soil microbial community in the soil ecosystem. A wolfberry plantation, the Nanliang Farm in Yingchuan of Ningxia was selected as the subject for the study. The Illumina MiSeq sequencing technique was used to analyze the effects.【Method】 Soil samples were collected form rhizosphere and bulk soils of the monocropping wolfberry fields and control (non-monocropping field) for analysis of diversity and structure of the soil microbial communities, and plant samples were, too, for characterization of plant growth. Total genomic DNA was isolated form the rhizosphere and bulk soils using a Power Soil DNA Isolation Kit. Then V4 sections of 16S rDNA were sequenced with the aid of the Illumina MiSeq system and soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere and bulk soils were analyzed for diversity and structure with QIIME.【Result】It was found that soil available nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly higher in the monocropping field than in the control, while soil pH and electric conductivity exhibited a reverse trend; that monocropping significantly inhibited growth of the replanted wolfberry. The barcoded pyrosequencing data revealed that in the monocropping field, the number of soil bacterial species in the rhizosphere significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and the soil bacterial community structure substantially altered as compared with the control. However, no much difference in bacterial community diversity and structure was observed in bulk soil between the two fields. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes were the most dominant bacterial phyla in all the soil samples, accounting for 93.8%~96.1% of the total taxon tags. Planctomycetes in rhizosphere significantly decreased in relative abundance in the monocropping field as compared with the control (p< 0.05). The analysis at the genera level also shows that 40 of the total 579 genera of soil bacteria obviously varied in relative abundance between the two treatments (p< 0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficients analysis also shows that in the bulk soils significantly positive relationships were found between soil pH and Gemmatimonadetes and between nitrate nitrogen content and Proteobacteria, whereas highly negative ones were between Proteobacteria and pH, between Cyanobacteria and total nitrogen content, between Chloroflexi and ammonium nitrogen content, between Actinobacteria and nitrate nitrogen content, between Cyanobacteria and total phosphorus content, and between Firmicutes and available phosphorus content, while in the rhizosphere, positive ones were found between soil pH and Gemmatimonadetes, and between electric conductivity and Planctomycetes, whereas negative ones were between ammonium nitrogen content and Actinobacteria, between available phosphorus content and Gemmatimonadetes, and between available phosphorus content and Planctomycetes. Furthermore, distance based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) indicates that soil pH and available phosphorus content were the major factors affecting structure of soil bacterial community in the bulk soil, explained 41.8% and 35.4% of variances (p<0.05), respectively, whereas none of the soil properties was found responsible for the changes in the soil bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere.【Conclusion】 All the findings in this experiment demonstrate that monocropping of Lycium barbarum L. has caused serious soil problems, which in turn affect activity and composition of the soil bacterial community in the rhizosphere of the replanted Lycium barbarum L.