【Objective】To comprehensively explore content of Chromium and its distribution in the soil of the Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi Province, and background value of Chromium in the soil, field investigations were carried out in the basin. 【Method】A total of 2 022 samples of upland soil, paddy soil, mining soil, sediment and natural soil were collected for analysis of Chromium content and further spatial distribution with the aid of ArcGIS. Chromium background values were recalculated using the mathematical statistics method. Cr pollution of the agricultural soils was evaluated using the single factor pollution index method. 【Result】Results show: (1). In terms of geometric mean of Cr-contents in the soils, the four types of soils followed an order of mining soil (104.2mg kg^-1) > paddy soil (91.06 mg kg^-1) > natural soil (82.66 mg kg^-1) > upland soil (74.52 mg kg^-1). (2). Comparative analysis shows that as against the Cr content in the samples of natural soil as background value of Cr in the Xijiang River Basin, about 4.05%、4.98% and 28.75% of the upland, paddy and mining soil samples were overstandard; (3) Interpretation of the Cr content spatial distribution map of the basin reveals that lands high in Cr content were distributed mainly in Nandan County, Jinchengjian, Du’an Yao Autonomous County. Dahua Yao Autonomous County, Heshan City, Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County, Liucheng County, Xincheng County, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County, Pingnan County, Tengxian County and Changwu County, indicating they were areas under intensive impacts of natural and anthropogenic activities. (4). This study found that the soil Cr background value of the basin was 82.66 mg kg^-1, which was 1.6 times as high as that of the province (56.5 mg kg^-1) and 2% lower than the criterion (90 mg kg^-1) for soil Cr specified in the " Standard for Soil Environmental Quality " (GB15618-1995).【Conclusion】 The comprehensive analysis of the heavy metal Cr contents in the soils of the Xijiang River Basin, the mining soil was the highest in Cr pollution and followed by the paddy soil and upland soil. If the baseline value, 233.0 mg kg^-1 is set as the unified standard, about 4.05%, 4.98% and 28.75%, respectively, of the dryland soil, paddy soil and mining soil exceeded the criterion. All the findings in this study may provides a reference for formulation of a more scientific and reasonable standard. Though the agricultural soil in the basin, as a whole, is still quite clean, it is essential to avoid agricultural activities around the mining areas.