【Objective】The effects of straw returning and biogas liquid replacing chemical fertilizer on the growth of early rice seedlings and paddy soil quality were studied, which provided the theoretical basis for the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry with nutrient recycling. 【Method】The comparative effects of “wheat straw returning to the field combined with chemical fertilizer”(S-CF), “wheat straw returning to the field combined with biogas slurry”(S-BS) and “total fertilizer”(CF) on the growth of rice seedlings, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, soil nutrients and microbial communities under the condition of equal amount of nitrogen application were studied in greenhouse experiment. 【Result】The growth of rice seedlings with different fertilization application treatments was obviously promoted, with the extension of treatment time, the promoting effect of fertilization treatment was more significant, among which CF treatment was the best, followed by S-BS treatment. The improvement effects of S-BS and CF on root growth were similar, which were significantly better than those of S-CF and CK. The content of soluble sugar in leaves of rice treated with S-BS was significantly higher than that of other fertilization treatments, and the content of N in leaves of rice treated with S-BS was significantly higher than that of treatment of CF. The total bacteria of CF treatment was significantly higher than that of S-BS treatment, while that of S-BS treatment was significantly higher than that of CK and S-CF treatment. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria treated with CF was significantly higher than that of other treatments. The total amount of fungi in CK and S-CF treatments was significantly higher than that in S-BS and CF treatments, and that in S-BS treatment was the lowest. The relative abundance of soil dominant Ascomycota and Basidiomycota in the CK group was significantly higher than that in other treatments. The relative abundance of Chytridiomycota treated with S-CF was also significantly higher than that of other treatments. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the bacterial richness (Chao1 index) and diversity (Shannon index) of S-CF and S-BS treatments were significantly higher than those of CF treatment and CK, and the richness and diversity of soil fungi treated with S-CF was significantly higher than that of CK, and that of soil fungi treated with CF was the lowest. 【Conclusion】 Under the treatment of straw and biogas liquid as a short-term substitute for chemical fertilizer, the growth of rice plant is lower than that of the whole chemical fertilizer treatment. However, the effects of straw, biogas liquid and chemical fertilizer on the growth of rice seedlings were still very obvious, especially the total substitution chemical fertilizer treatment of straw returning to the field and irrigation with biogas liquid. The soil quality, bacterial richness and diversity of straw and biogas treatment were significantly improved even under short-term application conditions.