Ferromanganese concretions (or Fe-Mn nodules), as a specific type of soil neoformations, are formed during pedogenic processes. The structure of concentric rings in soil Fe-Mn nodules can be used to reconstruct paleoclimatic conditions and soil-forming environments. The constituents of soil Fe-Mn nodules can provide nutrients and energy for microbial metabolism that in turn affect the transformation, fixation and mobilization of soil nutrients and heavy metals. This article reviewed the research progresses on soil Fe-Mn nodules during the past several decades, including(i) the formation mechanism and process of Fe-Mn nodules and the associated influencing factors; (ii)differences in the microstructure and constituents of Fe-Mn nodules in different regions; and(iii) effects of Fe-Mn nodules on nutrient transformation and heavy metal sorption. Future research priorities include(a) study of the formation rates and environmental thresholds of Fe-Mn nodules during different stages of soil development; (b) establishment of the evolution models of Fe-Mn nodules in different soil-forming environments; and(c) elucidation of the mechanisms of stabilization and release of soil nutrients and heavy metals by Fe-Mn nodules. This will facilitate understanding of the pedogenic processes and elemental biogeochemical cycling in the Earth’s Critical Zone and provide a basis for quantitative evaluation of soil quality and function under changing environments.