【Objective】Surveys of spatial distribution patterns of microbial community diversity and composition and the factors driving such patterns is indispensable to understand the biological diversity and maintain mechanism. Recently, the researches on soil microbial distribution patterns and their driving force going very rapidly, many research pointed out that microbial communities were geographically distributed and the hypothesis of the microbial random distribution pattern has been ruled out. Although the spatial distribution characteristics of the functional genes basing on the individual nitrogen cycling community have been investigated, the coupling analysis of microbial distribution patterns involved in the nitrogen cycling on the entire process especially on spatial scale is relatively rare. In this study, authors investigated the correlation analysis on the abundance characteristics of functional genes in the key processes of soil nitrogen cycle including nitrogen fixation, ammonia oxidation and denitrification, to reveal the similarities and differences of microbial abundance in different nitrogen cycling processes in the black soil zone of Northeast China, and to clarify which soil factors is important regulating the distribution of community numbers. 【Method】In this study, 26 soil samples were collected with different soil carbon contents basing on the database of China Black Soil Ecology. The soil sampling regions was across the black soil zone in northeast China from Changtu(42°50'N, 124°07'E)in Liaoning Province to Nenjiang(49°07'N, 125°13'E)in Heilongjiang Province(intervals of 25 to 741 km). Soil edaphic factors, including soil pH, total carbon(TC), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), available phosphorus(AP), available potassium(AK), nitrate nitrogen(NO₃^–-N), and ammonium nitrogen(NH₄⁺-N), were measured by standard soil testing procedures. Quantitative real-time PCR technology was used to determine functional gene abundance involved in the key processes of nitrogen cycle, including nitrogen fixation(nifH), ammonia oxidation with ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA)amoA and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)amoA and denitrification(nirS, nirK and nosZ).【Result】The soil pH ranged from 4.56 to 6.57, and soil TC ranged from 11.77 g·kg^-1 to 53.53 g·kg^-1. Soil TC content was significantly correlated with latitude(P < 0.001), but was not soil pH(P = 0.985). The abundances of different nitrogen cycling genes are significantly lower in low soil pH(4.5～ 5.0)than other soil sampling sites. The abundance of nifH genes in soybean-planting soils is significantly higher than that of soil samples planted with maize(above 5%～19%)in the adjacent soil sample sites. The abundance of AOA amoA is significantly higher than that of AOB amoA, and the abundance ratio of AOA amoA to AOB amoA ranges from 3.1 to 91.0. The abundance of nitrogen cycling functional genes is positively correlated with soil pH and TC(P < 0.01). The non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis(NMDS)showed that the NMDS1, which mainly represents nitrogen cycling gene composition in black soil zone, was significantly positively correlated with soil pH and TC. The variance partitioning analysis revealed that the distribution of nitrogen cycling genes was mainly dependent on soil pH, TC, latitude, TP and TN, among which contribution of soil pH and TC is the highest, and accounts for 6.69% and 4.38%, respectively. The random forest analysis reconfirmed that soil pH and TC were the main driving factors shaping the spatial distribution patterns in nitrogen cycling microbial gene abundance. 【Conclusion】 This study reveals that in addition to soil pH and TC contents, spatial distance also has an important impacts on the distribution of microorganisms in key processes of soil nitrogen cycling in black soil zone, which provides scientific basis for understanding the biogeochemical cycling process mediated by soil microbe in farmland ecosystems.