【Objective】The combined application of woody peat and straw has the potential to rapidly increase soil organic matter (SOM) and crop yield. However, how the application proportion of woody peat and straw affects crop yield and its microbiological mechanism remains unclear. 【Method】A field experiment was designed, based on the application of straw and activator (RJ). Then, a was comparative analysis of the effects of the ratio of woody peat and straw at 2: 1 (RJM1), 3: 1 (RJM2), and 4: 1 (RJM3) on soil physicochemical properties, bacterial community composition and rice yield was carried out, and compared with the control (CK) without any organic matter. At the same time, based on co-occurrence networks, the path analysis model was used to elucidate the potential relationship between specific bacterial flora and crop yield under different treatments. 【Result】The results showed that the rice yield of RJM1, RJM2, and RJM3 was similar, and their average yield was 16.09% and 31.46% higher than that of RJ and CK, respectively. The soil physicochemical properties of the five treatments were divided into three different groups (P < 0.01). The first group was RJM2+RJM3, which was characterized by remarkably increased pH, SOM, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) contents. The second group was RJ+RJM1, which was characterized by significantly increased nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃^--N) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). The third group was CK. The average content of SOM, DOC, and AP in RJM2+RJM3 was 29.69%, 22.65%, and 23.95% higher than those of RJM1, respectively, which indicates that RJM2+RJM3 has the potential of rapidly increasing the content of soil organic matter. The bacterial community composition between RJM2 and RJM3 was similar, and was mainly influenced by soil pH, SOM and DOC, while they were significantly different from RJM1. Module 1 of key ecological clusters within the bacterial co-occurrence network had a direct and significant positive effect on rice yield, in which soil physicochemical properties indirectly affected crop yield by directly and significantly affecting module 1 properties. The improvement of yield was mainly affected by the relative abundance and community composition of module 1, while module 2 and module 3 had no significant effect on rice yield. RJM2+RJM3 significantly increased the abundance of Gaiellaceae unidentified, Nocardioidaceae unidentified, Terracoccus, Comamonadaceae unidentified, WD2101 unidentified, and Sphingobacteriales unidentified, which were positively correlated with rice yield. Also, RJM1 significantly increased the abundance of the other five species mentioned above, except Sphingobacteriales unidentified, which indicates that RJM2+RJM3 could stimulate more dominant species that were positively correlated with crop yield than RJM1. Meanwhile, the sustainability of increasing rice yield in RJM1 was lower than RJM2+RJM3 because the SOM content of RJM1 was not significantly different from that of CK and RJ. 【Conclusion】Combining the above results with economic benefits, RJM2, the application ratio of woody peat to straw 3: 1, is recommended as an appropriate ratio that can rapidly improve SOM and crop yield at the same time.