【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of equal replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer on rice microbial community and yield. 【Method】 A long-term field experiment was conducted in Liaoning from 2019 to 2023. In this experiment, two rice cultivars, Shendao47 (SD47) and Shendao505 (SD505), were grown in the field with four fertilization treatments at same N, P, K rate: CF (100% chemical fertilizer), OR10 (10% organic fertilizer + 90% chemical fertilizer), OR20 (20% organic fertilizer + 80% chemical fertilizer), OR30 (30% organic fertilizer + 70% chemical fertilizer). 【Results】The results revealed the following: (1) Organic fertilizer substitution increased rice yield mainly by enhancing effective panicles, grain filling rate, and 1000-grain weight, with OR20 treatment achieving the highest yield; (2) Organic fertilizer substitution significantly improved soil fertility by increasing organic matter, total nitrogen, and available nutrient content (alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium) in plow layer (0-20 cm); (3) Organic fertilizer substitution significantly enhanced the activity of urease, protease, sucrase, and nitrate reductase in both rhizosphere and bulk soil; (4) Organic fertilizer substitution significantly increased the Chao1 index (richness) and Shannon index (diversity) of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere, whereas its effect on bulk soil bacterial diversity was not statistically significant; (5) At the phylum level, organic fertilizer substitution improved the relative abundance of carbon and nitrogen cycling bacterial phyla such as Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, reduced the abundance of oligotrophic bacterial phyla such as Acidobacteria, and optimized the bacterial community structure in bulk and rhizosphere soil; (6) Functional prediction analysis indicated that organic fertilizer treatments enhanced transcription and carbohydrate transport and metabolism in bulk soil, and strengthened metabolism pathways such as amino acid transport and metabolism, inorganic ion transport and metabolism, and lipid transport and metabolism in rhizosphere soil.【Conclusion】In conclusion, under equivalent nutrient input, partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer could improve the soil microenvironment, enhance key enzyme activities, and optimize the structure and function of soil microbial communities. These changes synergistically promote soil nutrient availability and supply capacity, ultimately increasing rice yield. This practice represents a sustainable fertilization strategy suitable for paddy fields in Northeast China.