Based on analyzed results of major elements of 181 samples from 34 profiles and trace elements of 176 samples from 36 profiles, this paper discusses soil geochemical forming processes and the spatial differentiation of major elements and trace elements such as Zn, Cu, Ni, Co and V in soils of the Tianshan Mountains and their neighboring regions. During formation of the soils there are three main geochemical processes which are Ca and Na-leaching process, Mg and Ca-enrichment process and Na-enrich-went process. Spatial differentiation of the elements was from the leaching of Ca, Na and Mg in high mountain to the precipitating of salts of Ca, Mg and Na，respectively, according to the increasing of their solubility and gradual decrease of the total content of trace elements from high mountain to basins with lowering of altitude, decreasing of moisture, and increasing of temperature.