Suburbs of Nanchang City and Yujiang County in Jiangxi Province,a typical area with rapidly developing intensive agriculture in city suburbs and a typical one with intensive traditional agriculture,respectively,were selected in a red soil region of Jiangxi Province for study of effect of intensive agriculture on soil fertility and environmental quality and countermeasures.Results show that twenty years of vegetable cultivation increased soil organic matter by 21153%,readily available phosphorus by 13115~18186 times,readily available potassium by 1115~1135 times,but did not increase much total soil nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the suburbs of Nanchang.In Yujiang County,the trend of soil acidification was obvious,with 90% of the soil falling in pH by 0.5 unit,meanwhile some farmlands were polluted by heavy metals to a certain extent.,Readjustment of the agricultural structure,increased application of chemical fertilizer,P and K fertilizers in particular,and application of barnyard manure were found to be the major factors leading to soil nutrient enrichment/unbalance and soil acidification,and industrial production the main source of soil pollution.Reducing fert ilizer input for a short term,using nutrient accelerant and applying slow-release fertilizer are positive measures to improve utilization efficiency of fertilizer,control excessive enrichment or unbalance of soil nutrients to some extent.Proper application of lime or other alkaline soil amendment is a major practice to prevent soil acidification.For slightly polluted soil,application of chemical ameliorator and cultivation of super-accumulating plants can be used to remedy the soils.