A field experiment was conducted on a Phyllostachys praecox stand of Lin’an county, Zhejiang Province, China in 2009 to compare the effects of conventional fertilization (CF), controlled-release fertilizer (CRF), special compound fertilizer (SCF)，and microbial fertilizer (MF) on soil fertility quality, fertility use efficiency, and bamboo shoot yields of Phyllostachys praecox stand. The results showed the degrees of excessive-accumulation of available N, P, and K in the soil and soil acidification induced by fertilization followed the order of : CF＞SF≈CRF＞MF. The lowest fertilizer agronomic efficiency was obtained from CF and its agronomic efficiencies of N, P, and K were 4.7, 23.6, and 14.2 kg fresh shoot • kg^-1. As Compared to the CF, application of SCF and CRF increased agronomic efficiencies of N, P, and K by 40.4%～53.2%, 50.8%～90.7%, and 35.5%～39.5%, respectively, whereas application of MF increased agronomic efficiencies of N, P, and K by 38.9、0.68 and 2.0 times, respectively. Compared to the control, CF increased bamboo shoot yields and economic benefit by 29.6% and 14.3%, respectively，where application of SCF,CRF, and WF increased bamboo shoot yields and economic benefit by 27.55%～29.0% and 14.6%～17.8%, respectively.with high rates of CF and its agronomic efficiencies of N, P, and K were 4.7 , 23.6, and 14.2 kg fresh shoot • kg-1. Application of SCF and CRF increased agronomic efficiencies of N, P, and K by 40.4-53, 87.3-90.7, and 35.5-39.6%, respectively, whereas application of MF increased agronomic efficiencies of N, P, and K by 38.9、o.68 and 2.0 times, respectively. Conventional fertilization increased bamboo shoot yields and economic benefit by 29.6 and 14.3%, respectively, compared to the control. Application of SCF and CRF with median rates of CF as well as WF with low rates of CF only reduced bamboo shoot yields 0.5 and 1.7, and 1.4%, respectively compared to the conventional fertilization treatment. However, these three treatments improved economic benefit 3.0, 0.5, and 2.7%, respectively. The results obtained in this study showed that great reduction of CF rates and application of SCF, CRF, and MF in the phyllostachys praecox production nut only maintained higher bamboo shoot yields and economic benefit, but also greatly improved fertilizer agronomic efficiency.