To study effect of long-term intensive management of Phyllostachys praecox stands on C and nutrients pools in the soil, soil samples were collected from two adjoint Phyllostachys praecox stands that had been subjected to intensive management for 1 and 15 years, separately, in Lin’an County, Zhejiang Province. Different forms of C, N, and P pools were determined and spectral characteristics of soil total organic carbon were analyzed using the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. Results show that in comparison to the Phyllostachys praecox stand, 1 year under intensive management, the stand 15 years under intensive management was 248.5%, 197%, 81.8%, and 116% higher in soil total organic carbon, water-soluble organic C, hot water-soluble organic C, and readily oxidizable C (ROC), respectively, but 17.6% lower in MBC content. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy of soil samples showed that alkyl C and O-alkyl C dominated soil organic C in Phyllostachys praecox stands. Compared to the Phyllostachys praecox stand 1 year under intensive management, the stand 15 years under intensive management was significantly higher in soil alkyl C content and alkyl C to O-alkyl C ratio (A/O-A) (p < 0.05), but much lower in aromatic C content and organic matter aromaticity (p < 0.05), and however remained unchanged in O-alkyl C and carbonyl C. Moreover, in comparison to the Phyllostachys praecox stand 1 year under intensive management, the stand 15 years under intensive management was much higher in soil water-soluble organic N, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^-1-N, available P, and organic P (p < 0.05), but 36.5% and 22.7% lower in microbial biomass N and microbial biomass P, respectively. In conclusion, long-term intensive management helps build up carbon pools and nutrients pools, but significantly affects activity of the soil microbial activity and stability of the organic carbon in the soil.